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- Uherská, respektive maďarská šlechta (maďarsky magyar nemesség, německy ungarischer Adel), později též jako rakousko-uherská šlechta (österreichisch-ungarischer Adel) je označení příslušníků šlechtického společenského stavu (aristokracie, feudálních pánů apod.) v letech 1091 až 1919, v Uherském království a později Rakousko-uherském císařství. Kromě domácích maďarských rodů se v Uhersku etablovaly také některé zahraniční rody ze zemí s vlastním šlechtickým systémem, zejména pak z Chorvatska, (Horních Uher) nebo Českého království. Horní Uhry (dnešní Slovensko), které byly rovněž po staletí přibližně ze 70 % součástí Uherského království až do roku 1918, měly svou vlastní šlechtu. Z toho důvodu mezi uherskou šlechtu patří kromě domácích rodů z území vlastního Uherska, také řada rodů s původem v okolních zemích (Chorvatsko, Horní Uhry, Slovinsko, části Rumunska apod.) (cs)
- Este artículo incluye la evolución histórica de la nobleza húngara y los títulos en el Reino de Hungría. Considérese que países con nobleza propia como las actuales Croacia, Eslovaquia y Bohemia existieron como una región dentro del reino húngaro desde 1091 hasta 1919. Eslovaquia, que también era parte del reino hasta la creación de la República de Checoslovaquia en 1918, luego de que Hungría fuese despojada de casi el 70% de su territorio tras la firma del Tratado de Trianon, tenía su propia nobleza. De esta forma muchas familias nobles húngaras eran también de origen eslovaco, croata, eslavonio, y de otras nacionalidades. (es)
- The Hungarian nobility consisted of a privileged group of individuals, most of whom owned landed property, in the Kingdom of Hungary. Initially, a diverse body of people were described as noblemen, but from the late 12th century only high-ranking royal officials were regarded as noble. Most aristocrats claimed ancestry from a late 9th century Magyar leader. Others were descended from foreign knights, and local Slavic chiefs were also integrated in the nobility. Less illustrious individuals, known as castle warriors, also held landed property and served in the royal army. From the 1170s, most privileged laymen called themselves royal servants to emphasize their direct connection to the monarchs. The Golden Bull of 1222 enacted their liberties, especially their tax-exemption and the limitation of their military obligations. From the 1220s, royal servants were associated with the nobility and the highest-ranking officials were known as barons of the realm. Only those who owned allods – lands free of obligations – were regarded as true noblemen, but other privileged groups of landowners, known as conditional nobles, also existed. In the 1280s, Simon of Kéza was the first to claim noblemen held real authority in the kingdom. The counties developed into institutions of noble autonomy, and the nobles' delegates attended the Diets (or parliaments). The wealthiest barons built stone castles enabling them to control vast territories, but royal authority was restored in the early 14th century. Louis I of Hungary introduced an entail system and enacted the principle of "one and the selfsame liberty" of all noblemen. Actually, legal distinctions between true noblemen and conditional nobles prevailed, and the most powerful nobles employed lesser noblemen as their familiares (retainers). According to customary law, only males inherited noble estates, but the kings could "promote a daughter to a son", authorizing her to inherit her father's lands. Noblewomen who had married a commoner could also claim their inheritance – the daughters' quarter (that is one-quarter of their father's possessions) – in land. The monarchs granted hereditary titles and the poorest nobles lost their tax-exemption from the middle of the 15th century, but the Tripartitum – a frequently cited compilation of customary law published in 1514 – maintained the notion of all noblemen's equality. In the early modern period, Hungary was divided into three parts – Royal Hungary, Transylvania and Ottoman Hungary – because of the expansion of the Ottoman Empire. The princes of Transylvania supported the noblemen's fight against the Habsburg dynasty in Royal Hungary, but they prevented the Transylvanian noblemen from challenging their authority. Ennoblement of whole groups of people was not unusual in the 17th century. Examples include the 10,000 hajdú who received nobility as a group in 1605. After the Diet was divided into two chambers in Royal Hungary in 1608, noblemen with a hereditary title had a seat in the Upper House, other nobles sent delegates to the Lower House. Most parts of medieval Hungary were integrated into the Habsburg monarchy in the 1690s. Monarchs confirmed the nobles' privileges several times, but their attempts to strengthen royal authority regularly brought them into conflicts with the nobility, who made up about four-and-a-half percent of society. Reformist noblemen demanded the abolition of noble privileges from the 1790s, but their program was enacted only during the Hungarian Revolution of 1848. Most noblemen lost their estates after the emancipation of their serfs, but the aristocrats preserved their distinguished social status. State administration employed thousands of impoverished noblemen in Austria-Hungary. Prominent (mainly Jewish) bankers and industrialists were awarded with nobility, but their social status remained inferior to traditional aristocrats. Noble titles were abolished only in 1947, months after Hungary was proclaimed a republic. (en)
- La noblesse de Hongrie fut la classe dirigeante de la Hongrie du Moyen Âge jusqu'à la chute du Royaume de Hongrie en 1946, avec toutefois une certaine perte d'influence après 1918. La noblesse et les titres sont abolis en Hongrie par le statut IV de 1947. (fr)
- Dit artikel gaat over de titels van edelen in het koninkrijk Hongarije (1000-1946). (nl)
- La nobiltà ungherese fu la classe aristocratica dirigente dell'Ungheria durante il periodo regio e anche dopo l'avvento degli Asburgo nel 1526. (it)
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- Este artículo incluye la evolución histórica de la nobleza húngara y los títulos en el Reino de Hungría. Considérese que países con nobleza propia como las actuales Croacia, Eslovaquia y Bohemia existieron como una región dentro del reino húngaro desde 1091 hasta 1919. Eslovaquia, que también era parte del reino hasta la creación de la República de Checoslovaquia en 1918, luego de que Hungría fuese despojada de casi el 70% de su territorio tras la firma del Tratado de Trianon, tenía su propia nobleza. De esta forma muchas familias nobles húngaras eran también de origen eslovaco, croata, eslavonio, y de otras nacionalidades. (es)
- La noblesse de Hongrie fut la classe dirigeante de la Hongrie du Moyen Âge jusqu'à la chute du Royaume de Hongrie en 1946, avec toutefois une certaine perte d'influence après 1918. La noblesse et les titres sont abolis en Hongrie par le statut IV de 1947. (fr)
- Dit artikel gaat over de titels van edelen in het koninkrijk Hongarije (1000-1946). (nl)
- La nobiltà ungherese fu la classe aristocratica dirigente dell'Ungheria durante il periodo regio e anche dopo l'avvento degli Asburgo nel 1526. (it)
- Uherská, respektive maďarská šlechta (maďarsky magyar nemesség, německy ungarischer Adel), později též jako rakousko-uherská šlechta (österreichisch-ungarischer Adel) je označení příslušníků šlechtického společenského stavu (aristokracie, feudálních pánů apod.) v letech 1091 až 1919, v Uherském království a později Rakousko-uherském císařství. (cs)
- The Hungarian nobility consisted of a privileged group of individuals, most of whom owned landed property, in the Kingdom of Hungary. Initially, a diverse body of people were described as noblemen, but from the late 12th century only high-ranking royal officials were regarded as noble. Most aristocrats claimed ancestry from a late 9th century Magyar leader. Others were descended from foreign knights, and local Slavic chiefs were also integrated in the nobility. Less illustrious individuals, known as castle warriors, also held landed property and served in the royal army. From the 1170s, most privileged laymen called themselves royal servants to emphasize their direct connection to the monarchs. The Golden Bull of 1222 enacted their liberties, especially their tax-exemption and the limitati (en)
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