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正教会の歴史 Історія православної церкви History of the Eastern Orthodox Church Sejarah Gereja Ortodoks
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The History of the Eastern Orthodox Church is the formation, events, and transformation of the Eastern Orthodox Church through time. According to the Eastern Orthodox tradition the history of the Eastern Orthodox Church is traced back to Jesus Christ and the Apostles. The Apostles appointed successors, known as bishops, and they in turn appointed other bishops in a process known as Apostolic succession. Over time, five Patriarchates were established to organize the Christian world, and four of these ancient Patriarchates remain Orthodox today. Orthodox Christianity reached its present form in Late Antiquity (in the period from the 3rd to the 8th century), when the Ecumenical Councils were held, doctrinal disputes were resolved, the Fathers of the Church lived and wrote, and Orthodox worshi 本項では正教会の歴史を扱う。 古代には、ローマ帝国の管区をもとに、キリスト教会は4世紀頃から5つの総主教区――ローマ(ロマ)、コンスタンティノープル(コンスタンディヌーポリ)、アンティオキア(アンディオヒア)、アレクサンドリア、エルサレム(イェルサリム)――に分かれていた。このうちローマを除く4教会、およびグルジア正教会が、正教会のもっとも古い教会として現在まで続いている。現在もっとも信徒数が多いのはロシア正教会であり、ルーマニア正教会がこれに次ぐ。 Sejarah Gereja Ortodoks Timur dapat ditelusuri kembali pada masa Tuhan Yesus Kristus dan para Rasul. Para Rasul tersebut menunjuk para penerusnya yang dikenal sebagai para uskup dan nantinya mereka pun akan menunjuk para uskup lainnya sebagai penerus, hal tersebut diketahui sebagai Suksesi Apostolik. Lalu seiring waktu berjalan, Lima Patriarkat dibentuk untuk mengatur dan mengorganisir dunia Kekristenan dan empat dari patriarkat ini masih tetap menjadi gereja Ortodoks. Kekristenan Ortodoks menggapai puncak keemasannya pada masa Abad Kuno Akhir (sejak abad ke-3 hingga abad ke-8) yang merupakan masa ketika diselenggarakannya Konsili Ekumenis, ketika perdebatan teologis dan keagamaan diatasi, saat para Bapa Gereja masih hidup dan menghasilkan karya keagamaannya, dan saat bentuk-bentuk peribad Згідно із традицією, історія православної церкви ведеться від Ісуса Христа та апостолів. Апостоли призначили наступників, відомих як єпископи, а вони, у свою чергу, призначали інших єпископів під час процесу, відомому як Апостольська спадкоємність. З часом було створено п’ять патріархатів для організації християнського світу, і чотири з цих древніх патріархатів залишаються до сьогодні. Сьогоднішній вигляд православне християнство набуло в пізній античності (в період з 3 по 8 століття), коли проводились Вселенські собори, вирішувались доктринальні суперечки, отці Церкви жили і писали, а православні практики богослужіння закріпились у їх постійної форми (включаючи літургії та основні свята Церкви).
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Sejarah Gereja Ortodoks Timur dapat ditelusuri kembali pada masa Tuhan Yesus Kristus dan para Rasul. Para Rasul tersebut menunjuk para penerusnya yang dikenal sebagai para uskup dan nantinya mereka pun akan menunjuk para uskup lainnya sebagai penerus, hal tersebut diketahui sebagai Suksesi Apostolik. Lalu seiring waktu berjalan, Lima Patriarkat dibentuk untuk mengatur dan mengorganisir dunia Kekristenan dan empat dari patriarkat ini masih tetap menjadi gereja Ortodoks. Kekristenan Ortodoks menggapai puncak keemasannya pada masa Abad Kuno Akhir (sejak abad ke-3 hingga abad ke-8) yang merupakan masa ketika diselenggarakannya Konsili Ekumenis, ketika perdebatan teologis dan keagamaan diatasi, saat para Bapa Gereja masih hidup dan menghasilkan karya keagamaannya, dan saat bentuk-bentuk peribadatan gereja ditetapkan bentuk utuh dan permanennya (yang kemudian menjadi ritual ibadah dan liturgi yang terus diadakan hingga masa kini). Di masa awal Abad Pertengahan, para misionaris Ortodoks menyebarkan Kekristenan ke wilayah utara seperti Bulgaria, Serbia, Rusia, dan bangsa-bangsa lainnya. Akan tetapi, pada saat yang sama, kerenggangan terjadi di antara empat patriarkat dengan Gereja Latin di Roma, yang pada puncaknya memicu Skisma Akbar antara keempat patriarkat Gereja Ortodoks dengan Gereja Katolik Roma pada abad ke-11. Kemudian di akhir abad pertengahan, Kejatuhan Konstantinopel mengakibatkan sebagian besar wilayah yang mayoritas penduduknya beragama Kristen Ortodoks Timur berada dalam kendali dan kekuasaan Kekaisaran Ottoman Turki. Sementara itu, di Rusia dan beberapa wilayah Balto-Slavik lainnya, Kekristenan Ortodoks Timur terus berjaya dan semakin berkembang pesat. Ketika Kekaisaran Ottoman mengalami kemunduran pada abad ke-19, bangsa yang mayoritasnya beragama Kristen Ortodoks Timur banyak mendeklarasikan kemerdekaannya dan mengusahakan terbentuknya gereja-gereja otokefali baru di wilayah selatan, tenggara, dan timur Eropa. Yurisdiksi Gereja Ortodoks Timur dengan jumlah penganut terbesar dipegang oleh Gereja-gereja Ortodoks Rusia dan Rumania. Komunitas Gereja Ortodoks Timur tertua yang masih tetap bertahan hingga saat ini adalah Gereja Ortodoks Georgia, Gereja Ortodoks Konstantinopel, Gereja Ortodoks Aleksandria, dan . The History of the Eastern Orthodox Church is the formation, events, and transformation of the Eastern Orthodox Church through time. According to the Eastern Orthodox tradition the history of the Eastern Orthodox Church is traced back to Jesus Christ and the Apostles. The Apostles appointed successors, known as bishops, and they in turn appointed other bishops in a process known as Apostolic succession. Over time, five Patriarchates were established to organize the Christian world, and four of these ancient Patriarchates remain Orthodox today. Orthodox Christianity reached its present form in Late Antiquity (in the period from the 3rd to the 8th century), when the Ecumenical Councils were held, doctrinal disputes were resolved, the Fathers of the Church lived and wrote, and Orthodox worship practices settled into their permanent form (including the liturgies and the major holidays of the Church). In the early medieval period, Orthodox missionaries spread Christianity towards the north, to the Bulgarians, Serbs, Russians and others. Meanwhile, a gradual process of estrangement took place between the four Eastern Patriarchates and the Latin Church of Rome, culminating with the Great Schism in the 11th century, in which Orthodoxy and the Latin Church (later called the Roman Catholic Church) separated from each other. In the Late Middle Ages, the Fall of Constantinople brought a large part of the world's Orthodox Christians under Ottoman Turkish rule. Nevertheless, Orthodoxy continued to flourish in Russia, as well as within the Ottoman Empire among the latter's Christian subject peoples. As the Ottoman Empire declined in the 19th century and several majority-Orthodox nations regained their independence, they organized a number of new autocephalous Orthodox churches in Southern and Eastern Europe. The Eastern Orthodox jurisdictions with the largest number of adherents in modern times are the Russian and the Romanian Orthodox churches. The most ancient of the Eastern Orthodox communities existing today are the churches of Jerusalem, Antioch, Alexandria, Constantinople, and Georgia. 本項では正教会の歴史を扱う。 古代には、ローマ帝国の管区をもとに、キリスト教会は4世紀頃から5つの総主教区――ローマ(ロマ)、コンスタンティノープル(コンスタンディヌーポリ)、アンティオキア(アンディオヒア)、アレクサンドリア、エルサレム(イェルサリム)――に分かれていた。このうちローマを除く4教会、およびグルジア正教会が、正教会のもっとも古い教会として現在まで続いている。現在もっとも信徒数が多いのはロシア正教会であり、ルーマニア正教会がこれに次ぐ。 Згідно із традицією, історія православної церкви ведеться від Ісуса Христа та апостолів. Апостоли призначили наступників, відомих як єпископи, а вони, у свою чергу, призначали інших єпископів під час процесу, відомому як Апостольська спадкоємність. З часом було створено п’ять патріархатів для організації християнського світу, і чотири з цих древніх патріархатів залишаються до сьогодні. Сьогоднішній вигляд православне християнство набуло в пізній античності (в період з 3 по 8 століття), коли проводились Вселенські собори, вирішувались доктринальні суперечки, отці Церкви жили і писали, а православні практики богослужіння закріпились у їх постійної форми (включаючи літургії та основні свята Церкви). У ранньому середньовіччі православні місіонери поширювали християнство на північ, до болгар, сербів, русів-українців та інших. Тим часом між чотирма Східними Патріархатами та Латинською церквою відбувся поступовий процес відчуження, який завершився Великим розколом у XI столітті, коли Православ'я та Латинська Церква (згодом названа Католицькою церквою) відокремилися одне від одного. У пізньому середньовіччі падіння Константинополя підвело значну частину православних християн світу під османською владою Туреччини. Тим не менш, православ'я продовжувало процвітати на Русі-Україні та Московії, а також в межах Османської імперії серед християнських народів. Поки Османська імперія занепадала в XIX столітті, а кілька православних народів, відновили свою незалежність, організували низку нових автокефальних православних церков у Південно-Східній Європі Православними патріархатами з найбільшою кількістю вірних у наш час є російська, українська та румунська православні церкви. Найдавнішою із православних громад, що існують сьогодні, є церкви Константинополя, Александрії, Антіохії й Єрусалиму.
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