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- Psikhushka (Russian: психу́шка; [pʲsʲɪˈxuʂkə]) is a Russian ironic diminutive for psychiatric hospital. In Russia, the word entered everyday vocabulary. This word has been occasionally used in English, since the Soviet dissident movement and diaspora community the West used the term. In the Soviet Union, psychiatric hospitals were often used by the authorities as prisons, in order to isolate political prisoners from the rest of society, discredit their ideas, and break them physically and mentally. As such, psikhushkas were considered a form of torture. The official explanation was that no sane person would be against socialism. Psikhushkas were already in use by the end of the 1940s (see Alexander Esenin-Volpin), continuing into the Khrushchev Thaw period of the 1960s. On April 29, 1969, the head of the KGB, Yuri Andropov submitted to the Central Committee of CPSU a plan for the creation of a network of specialized "psychiatric hospitals" run by the KGB. The official Soviet psychiatric science came up with the definition of sluggish schizophrenia, a special form of the illness that supposedly affects only the person's social behavior, with no trace on other traits: "most frequently, ideas about a struggle for truth and justice are formed by personalities with a paranoid structure," according to the Moscow Serbsky Institute professors (a quote from Vladimir Bukovsky's archives). Some of them had high rank in the MVD, such as the infamous Daniil Luntz, who was characterized by Viktor Nekipelov as "no better than the criminal doctors who performed inhuman experiments on the prisoners in Nazi concentration camps". The sane individuals who were diagnosed as mentally ill were sent either to a regular psychiatric hospitals or, those deemed particularly dangerous, to special ones, run directly by the MVD. The treatment included various forms of restraint, electric shocks, a range of drugs (such as narcotics, tranquilizers, and insulin) that cause long lasting side effects, and sometimes involved beatings. Nekipelov describes inhumane uses of medical procedures such as lumbar punctures. Notable political prisoners of psikhushkas include poet Joseph Brodsky, dissidents Leonid Plyushch, Vladimir Bukovsky, Natalya Gorbanevskaya, Alexander Esenin-Volpin, Pyotr Grigorenko, Zhores Medvedev, Viktor Nekipelov, Valeriya Novodvorskaya, Natan Sharansky, Andrei Sinyavsky, and Anatoly Koryagin, politician Konstantin Päts, and whistle blower Larisa Arap. (en)
- Psychuszka – potoczna nazwa szpitala psychiatrycznego w ZSRR, stanowiącego miejsce przetrzymywania dysydentów. Do roku 1989 psychuszka podlegała radzieckiemu ministerstwu spraw wewnętrznych. (pl)
- 特殊精神病院，是蘇聯國家安全委員會對付異議分子的設施。在蘇聯，精神病醫院經常被當局用來作為監獄，以便將政治犯與社會其他人隔離，詆毀他們的想法，敗壞他們的名聲。因此，特殊精神病院被認為是一種酷刑的形式。官方的解釋是，沒有理智的人會反對社會主義。特殊精神病院在20世紀40年代末已經開始使用，在60年代正式被安德羅波夫用作對付異議分子。 被診斷患有精神病的異議人士被送往常規的精神病院後，如他們願意放棄自己的想法，則可重獲自由，如拒絕則是尚未痊癒需要治療，治療包括各種形式的約束，電擊，一系列藥品（如麻醉劑，鎮靜劑和胰島素），可導致長期的副作用。 著名的特殊精神病院入院人士包括佐罗伊·梅德韦杰夫等異議分子。 (zh)
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- Psychuszka – potoczna nazwa szpitala psychiatrycznego w ZSRR, stanowiącego miejsce przetrzymywania dysydentów. Do roku 1989 psychuszka podlegała radzieckiemu ministerstwu spraw wewnętrznych. (pl)
- 特殊精神病院，是蘇聯國家安全委員會對付異議分子的設施。在蘇聯，精神病醫院經常被當局用來作為監獄，以便將政治犯與社會其他人隔離，詆毀他們的想法，敗壞他們的名聲。因此，特殊精神病院被認為是一種酷刑的形式。官方的解釋是，沒有理智的人會反對社會主義。特殊精神病院在20世紀40年代末已經開始使用，在60年代正式被安德羅波夫用作對付異議分子。 被診斷患有精神病的異議人士被送往常規的精神病院後，如他們願意放棄自己的想法，則可重獲自由，如拒絕則是尚未痊癒需要治療，治療包括各種形式的約束，電擊，一系列藥品（如麻醉劑，鎮靜劑和胰島素），可導致長期的副作用。 著名的特殊精神病院入院人士包括佐罗伊·梅德韦杰夫等異議分子。 (zh)
- Psikhushka (Russian: психу́шка; [pʲsʲɪˈxuʂkə]) is a Russian ironic diminutive for psychiatric hospital. In Russia, the word entered everyday vocabulary. This word has been occasionally used in English, since the Soviet dissident movement and diaspora community the West used the term. In the Soviet Union, psychiatric hospitals were often used by the authorities as prisons, in order to isolate political prisoners from the rest of society, discredit their ideas, and break them physically and mentally. As such, psikhushkas were considered a form of torture. The official explanation was that no sane person would be against socialism. (en)
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