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Arquitetura de catedrais e grandes igrejas Architecture of cathedrals and great churches عمارة الكاتدرائيات Arquitectura de las catedrales y las grandes iglesias Arsitektur katedral dan gereja besar 教堂建筑 西ヨーロッパの大聖堂建築
rdfs:comment
教堂建筑以其规模大小分为宗座圣殿、主教座堂和教堂。它们都遵从产生于君士坦丁大帝时期的传统的形式、功能和造型。 特别是主教座堂,以及许多大教堂和宗座圣殿,会有特定的复杂建筑结构,这在教区教堂比较少见。它们往往倾向于展示当时更高水平的建筑风格和高超的建筑能力,并且获得了普通教区教堂所没有的宗教地位和社会地位。此类主教座堂往往是其区域内最好的建筑之一,并成为当地的骄傲。许多主教座堂和宗座圣殿,以及一些大教堂,都是名列世界上最著名的建筑作品。这包括圣彼得大教堂、巴黎圣母院、科隆大教堂、索尔兹伯里座堂、布拉格大教堂、林肯大教堂、圣但尼圣殿、圣玛丽亚马焦雷大教堂、圣维塔教堂,圣马克大教堂,威斯敏斯特修道院,圣巴西尔大教堂,以及未完工的圣家族大教堂和现在作为博物馆使用的圣索菲亚大教堂等。 最早的大教堂可以追溯到古典时期晚期。随着基督教的传播,其教堂也在世界各地建设开来。它们的形式取决于当地的材料和技术水平。通过主教下发到其他区域的一纸命令,作为建筑师的主石匠在世界各地兴建起了不同风格的建筑。这些风格先后有早期基督教风格、拜占庭风格、罗马式、哥特式、文艺复兴式、巴洛克式、18至20世纪初的各种复兴风格,以及现代风格。在各种学术风格之上还糅合了当地的区域特征。 The architecture of cathedrals and great churches is characterised by the buildings' large scale and follows one of several branching traditions of form, function and style that derive ultimately from the Early Christian architectural traditions established in Late Antiquity during the Christianization of the Roman Empire. تتميز عمارة الكاتدرائيات، والبازيليكا، وكنائس الدير بالمقياس الكبير للمباني واتباعها لتقليد واحد من التقاليد المتفرعة للشكل، والوظيفة، والأسلوب المستمدة جميعها بالأساس من التقاليد المعمارية المسيحية المبكرة التي تأسست في الفترة القسطنطينية. 西ヨーロッパの大聖堂建築とは、西ヨーロッパに典型的に見られる西方教会の大聖堂の建築と内部の構成の概説である。なお、西ヨーロッパの大聖堂にも、それぞれ個々の建築歴があるので、以下の記述は一般的なものであり、すべての大聖堂の建築構造に当てはまるわけではない。東方教会・正教会のものについて、東ヨーロッパ・中東のものについてはビザンティン建築・東欧諸国のビザンティン建築・ロシア建築を参照。 La arquitectura de las catedrales y las grandes iglesias —basílicas, colegiatas e iglesias abaciales— se caracteriza por la gran escala de los edificios, y tipológica y estilicamente, su diseño sigue alguna de las tradiciones de forma, función y estilo que derivan todas, en última instancia, de las tradiciones arquitectónicas paleocristianas establecidas en el período constantiniano. Arsitektur katedral, basilika dan gereja dikarakteristikkan oleh skala besar bangunan dan mengikuti salah satu tradisi cabang dari bentuk, fungsi dan gaya yang semuanya bermula dari tradisi arsitektural yang didirikan pada Konstantinian. Katedral, serta beberapa gereja dan basilika memiliki bentuk struktural kompleks tertentu yang jarang ditemukan pada . A arquitetura de catedrais, basílicas e igrejas abaciais é caracterizada principalmente pelo grande tamanho do edifício e segue uma entre várias tradições de forma, função e estilo derivadas, em última hora de instância, das tradições arquitetônicas do velho cristianismo primitivo consolidadas durante todo período constantiniano.
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تتميز عمارة الكاتدرائيات، والبازيليكا، وكنائس الدير بالمقياس الكبير للمباني واتباعها لتقليد واحد من التقاليد المتفرعة للشكل، والوظيفة، والأسلوب المستمدة جميعها بالأساس من التقاليد المعمارية المسيحية المبكرة التي تأسست في الفترة القسطنطينية. الكاتدرائيات، بالإضافة إلى العديد من كنائس الدير والبازيليكات، لديها بعض الأشكال الهيكلية المعقدة التي توجد بشكل أقل في كنائس الرعية. كما أنها تميل إلى عرض مستوى أعلى من الطراز المعماري المعاصر وعمل الحرفيين الماهرين، وتحتل مكانة كنسية واجتماعية لا تتمتع بها كنيسة الرعية العادية. تعد هذه الكاتدرائية أو الكنيسة العظيمة بشكل عام واحدة من أفضل المباني في منطقتها وهي محور الفخر المحلي. تُعد العديد من الكاتدرائيات والبازيليكات وعدد من كنائس الدير من بين أشهر الأعمال المعمارية في العالم. وتشمل كاتدرائية القديس بطرس، وكاتدرائية نوتردام دو باري، وكاتدرائية كولونيا، وكاتدرائية سالزبوري، وكاتدرائية براغ، وكاتدرائية لينكولن، وكاتدرائية سان دوني، وكنيسة سانتا ماريا ماجيوري، وكنيسة القديس فيتالي، وكنيسة سان ماركو، ودير وستمنستر، وكاتدرائية القديس باسيل، وساغرادا فاميليا غير المكتملة لغاودي، وكنيسة آيا صوفيا القديمة التي أصبحت متحف الآن. ترجع أقدم الكنائس إلى أواخر العصور القديمة. مع انتشار المسيحية، وبناء الكنائس والكاتدرائيات في جميع أنحاء العالم، اعتمدت طريقتهم في البناء على المواد والتقنيات المحلية. تطورت طرز مختلفة من العمارة وانتشرت أنماطها، ونُفذت من قبل الأنظمة الرهبانية، عن طريق نشر الأساقفة من منطقة إلى أخرى، وسفر عمال البناء الرئيسيين الذين خدموا كمعماريين. تُعرف أنماط مباني الكنيسة العظيمة على التوالي باسم المسيحية المبكرة، والبيزنطية، والرومانية، والقوطية، وعصر النهضة، والباروك، وأنماط إحيائية مختلفة من أواخر القرن الثامن عشر إلى أوائل القرن العشرين والحديث. تضاف إلى كل من الأساليب الأكاديمية الخصائص الإقليمية. بعض هذه الخصائص هي نموذجية لبلد أو منطقة معينة بحيث تظهر، بغض النظر عن الأسلوب، في عمارة كنائس مصممة بفارق عدة قرون. 西ヨーロッパの大聖堂建築とは、西ヨーロッパに典型的に見られる西方教会の大聖堂の建築と内部の構成の概説である。なお、西ヨーロッパの大聖堂にも、それぞれ個々の建築歴があるので、以下の記述は一般的なものであり、すべての大聖堂の建築構造に当てはまるわけではない。東方教会・正教会のものについて、東ヨーロッパ・中東のものについてはビザンティン建築・東欧諸国のビザンティン建築・ロシア建築を参照。 A arquitetura de catedrais, basílicas e igrejas abaciais é caracterizada principalmente pelo grande tamanho do edifício e segue uma entre várias tradições de forma, função e estilo derivadas, em última hora de instância, das tradições arquitetônicas do velho cristianismo primitivo consolidadas durante todo período constantiniano. Principalmente a catedrais, mas também as igrejas de abadia e as basílicas, exibem estruturas complexas que raramente são encontradas em igrejas paroquiais. Elas geralmente revelam, em grande medida, o melhor do estilo arquitetural e do trabalho dos melhores artesões de sua época, ocupando uma posição, eclesiástica e social, que as igrejas paroquiais não tinham. Estas catedrais ou grandes igrejas são, geralmente, obras-primas da região onde estão e são objeto de grande orgulho da população local. Muitas catedrais, basílicas e diversas igrejas abaciais estão entre as mais importantes obras da arquitetura mundial. Entre as principais é possível citar a Basílica de São Pedro, a Catedral de Notre-Dame de Paris, a Catedral de Colônia, a Catedral de Salisbury, a Catedral de Praga, a Basílica de Saint-Denis, Santa Maria Maggiore, a Basílica de São Vital, a Basílica de São Marcos, a Abadia de Westminster, a Catedral de São Basílio, Catedral Nacional de Washington, a Sagrada Família, obra-prima ainda incompleta de Gaudi, e a antiga igreja de Santa Sofia, recentemente transformada de museu em mesquita. As primeiras igrejas de grande porte datam da Antiguidade Tardia. Conforme o cristianismo e a construção de igrejas e catedrais se espalhou por todo o mundo cristão, as técnicas de construção passaram a depender cada vez mais dos materiais e das habilidades dos construtores de cada região. Diferentes estilos arquitetônicos se desenvolveram e se disseminaram pelas mãos das novas ordens monásticas, de bispos de uma região nomeados para governar outra e pelas mãos de mestres pedreiros itinerantes que frequentemente serviam de arquitetos. Os estilos das grandes igrejas foram chamados, sucessivamente, de : arquitetura paleocristã, bizantina, românica, gótica, renascentista, barroca, variados estilos de revivalismo do final do século XVIII até o princípio do XX e moderno. E sobreposto à cada um destes estilos acadêmicos estavam os diversos estilos e características regionais. Entre estas, algumas são tão peculiares à uma região ou país que, independente do estilo, aparecem em igrejas projetadas com séculos de diferença entre si. The architecture of cathedrals and great churches is characterised by the buildings' large scale and follows one of several branching traditions of form, function and style that derive ultimately from the Early Christian architectural traditions established in Late Antiquity during the Christianization of the Roman Empire. Cathedrals, collegiate churches, and monastic churches like those of abbeys and priories, often have certain complex structural forms that are found less often in parish churches. They also tend to display a higher level of contemporary architectural style and the work of accomplished craftsmen, and occupy a status both ecclesiastical and social that an ordinary parish church rarely has. Such churches are generally among the finest buildings locally and a source of regional pride. Many are among the world's most renowned works of architecture. These include St Peter's Basilica, Notre-Dame de Paris, Santhome Church, Cologne Cathedral, Salisbury Cathedral, Antwerp Cathedral, Prague Cathedral, Lincoln Cathedral, the Basilica of Saint-Denis, Santa Maria Maggiore, the Basilica of San Vitale, St Mark's Basilica, Westminster Abbey, Saint Basil's Cathedral, Antoni Gaudí's incomplete Sagrada Família and the ancient cathedral of Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, now a mosque. The earliest large churches date from Late Antiquity. As Christianity and the construction of churches spread across the world, their manner of building was dependent upon local materials and local techniques. Different styles of architecture developed and their fashion spread, carried by the establishment of monastic orders, by the posting of bishops from one region to another and by the travelling of master stonemasons who served as architects. The successive styles of the great church buildings of Europe are known as Early Christian, Byzantine, Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque, Rococo, Neoclassical, and various Revival styles of the late 18th to early 20th centuries, and then Modern. Underlying each of the academic styles are the regional characteristics. Some of these characteristics are so typical of a particular country or region that they appear, regardless of style, in the architecture of churches designed many centuries apart. La arquitectura de las catedrales y las grandes iglesias —basílicas, colegiatas e iglesias abaciales— se caracteriza por la gran escala de los edificios, y tipológica y estilicamente, su diseño sigue alguna de las tradiciones de forma, función y estilo que derivan todas, en última instancia, de las tradiciones arquitectónicas paleocristianas establecidas en el período constantiniano. Las catedrales, en particular, así como muchas iglesias abaciales y basílicas, tienen formas edificatorias complejas que se encuentran con menos frecuencia en las iglesias parroquiales. También tienden a mostrar el estilo arquitectónico imperante en su época y en ellas trabajaron los mejores arquitectos, maestros de obras y artesanos ocupando un estatus, tanto eclesiástico como social, que una iglesia parroquial ordinaria no tiene. Dado que las catedrales y grandes iglesias solían ser los mejores edificios de cada región, fueron una expresión de orgullo local. Muchas catedrales y basílicas, y buen número de iglesias abaciales, se encuentran entre las obras arquitectónicas más destacadas del mundo, como la basílica de San Pedro, Notre Dame de París, la catedral de Colonia, la catedral de Salisbury, la catedral de Praga, la catedral de Lincoln, la basílica de Saint-Denis, la basílica de Santa María la Mayor, la basílica de San Vital, la basílica de San Marcos, la abadía de Westminster, la catedral de San Basilio, la catedral de la Ciudad de México , la incompleta Sagrada Familia de Gaudí y la antigua iglesia de Santa Sofía, ahora un museo. Las primeras iglesias grandes datan de la Antigüedad tardía. Como el cristianismo se expandió por todo el mundo, la construcción de iglesias y catedrales dependió en gran manera de los materiales y técnicas locales. Se desarrollaron diferentes estilos arquitectónicos que se propagaron con el establecimiento de las órdenes monásticas, con el traslado de obispos de una región a otra y también por el desplazamiento de los maestros canteros que oficiaron como arquitectos.​ Historiográficamente, esos estilos de los grandes edificios eclesiásticos han contribuido a caracterizar lo que se conoce hoy como arquitectura paleocristianana, bizantina, románica, gótica, renacentista, barroca y varios de los estilos revival (de finales del siglo XVIII a principios del siglo XX).​ Además de las características universales de esos estilos académicos , aparecen superpuestas características regionales, algunas de ellas tan propias de un país o región que aparecen, independientemente del estilo, en iglesias diseñadas con muchos siglos de diferencia.​ Arsitektur katedral, basilika dan gereja dikarakteristikkan oleh skala besar bangunan dan mengikuti salah satu tradisi cabang dari bentuk, fungsi dan gaya yang semuanya bermula dari tradisi arsitektural yang didirikan pada Konstantinian. Katedral, serta beberapa gereja dan basilika memiliki bentuk struktural kompleks tertentu yang jarang ditemukan pada . 教堂建筑以其规模大小分为宗座圣殿、主教座堂和教堂。它们都遵从产生于君士坦丁大帝时期的传统的形式、功能和造型。 特别是主教座堂,以及许多大教堂和宗座圣殿,会有特定的复杂建筑结构,这在教区教堂比较少见。它们往往倾向于展示当时更高水平的建筑风格和高超的建筑能力,并且获得了普通教区教堂所没有的宗教地位和社会地位。此类主教座堂往往是其区域内最好的建筑之一,并成为当地的骄傲。许多主教座堂和宗座圣殿,以及一些大教堂,都是名列世界上最著名的建筑作品。这包括圣彼得大教堂、巴黎圣母院、科隆大教堂、索尔兹伯里座堂、布拉格大教堂、林肯大教堂、圣但尼圣殿、圣玛丽亚马焦雷大教堂、圣维塔教堂,圣马克大教堂,威斯敏斯特修道院,圣巴西尔大教堂,以及未完工的圣家族大教堂和现在作为博物馆使用的圣索菲亚大教堂等。 最早的大教堂可以追溯到古典时期晚期。随着基督教的传播,其教堂也在世界各地建设开来。它们的形式取决于当地的材料和技术水平。通过主教下发到其他区域的一纸命令,作为建筑师的主石匠在世界各地兴建起了不同风格的建筑。这些风格先后有早期基督教风格、拜占庭风格、罗马式、哥特式、文艺复兴式、巴洛克式、18至20世纪初的各种复兴风格,以及现代风格。在各种学术风格之上还糅合了当地的区域特征。
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