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Recep Tayyip Erdoğan رجب طيب أردوغان Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Ρετζέπ Ταγίπ Ερντογάν 레제프 타이이프 에르도안 Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Recep Tayyip Erdoğan レジェップ・タイイップ・エルドアン Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Эрдоган, Реджеп Тайип Реджеп Тайїп Ердоган Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 雷杰普·塔伊普·埃尔多安
rdfs:comment
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan [ɾɛˈd͡ʒɛp taˈjip ɛɾdoˈan] (* 26. Februar 1954 in Istanbul) ist ein türkischer Politiker (AKP) und seit dem 28. August 2014 der zwölfte Präsident der Republik Türkei. Von 1994 bis 1998 war er Oberbürgermeister von Istanbul. Im Jahr 1999 war er für vier Monate inhaftiert. Von 2001 bis 2014 war er und seit 2017 ist er wieder AKP-Vorsitzender. Von 2003 bis 2014 war er Ministerpräsident der Türkei, zuletzt mit seinem dritten Kabinett. Durch das Verfassungsreferendum von 2017 wurde mit der Präsidentschafts- und Parlamentswahl im Juli 2018 ein Präsidialsystem in der Türkei eingeführt. (pronunciació en turc: /ɾeˈd͡ʒep tajˈjip ˈɛɾdo.an/) (Kasımpaşa, 26 de febrer de 1954) és un polític turc. Des del 28 d'agost del 2014 és el President de Turquia. Anteriorment fou Primer Ministre de Turquia (2003-2014) i alcalde d'Istanbul (1994-1998). Редже́п Тайи́п Эрдога́н (тур. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan [reˈdʒep taːˈjip ˈerdoː.an]; род. 26 февраля 1954, Касымпаша, Стамбул, Турция) — турецкий государственный и политический деятель, действующий 12-й президент Турции с 28 августа 2014 года. Ранее он занимал пост премьер-министра Турции с 2003 по 2014 год и с 1994 по 1998 год. Основатель правящей Партии справедливости и развития. Эрдоган называл себя консервативным демократом и во время своего правления продвигал социально-консервативную и популистскую политику. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (pronunciado [ɾeˈd͡ʒep tajˈjip ˈeɾdo.an]) (Estambul, 26 de febrero de 1954) es un político turco, presidente de Turquía desde agosto de 2014 y, previamente, primer ministro entre marzo de 2003 y agosto de 2014. Antes había sido alcalde de Estambul (1994-1998) por el Refah Partisi.​ Редже́п Тайї́п Ердога́н (тур. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan; нар. 26 лютого 1954, Стамбул, Туреччина) — турецький державний діяч, політик. Президент Туреччини з 28 серпня 2014 року. Прем'єр-міністр Туреччини (2003—2014). Лідер турецької керівної Партії справедливості і розвитку. У 1994–1998 роках був мером Стамбула. 2018 року знову був обраний Президентом на дострокових виборах в Туреччині. Почесний доктор МДІМВ. 雷杰普·塔伊普·埃尔多安（土耳其語：Recep Tayyip Erdoğan，土耳其語發音：[ɾeˈd͡ʒep tajˈjip ˈæɾdo.an] （）；1954年2月26日－；又譯艾爾段），土耳其政治人物、伊斯蘭主義者、新鄂圖曼主義及民族保守主義者，曾连任三届土耳其总理，現任土耳其总统、正义与发展党领袖。他是土耳其第一位通过直选方式先后担任总理、总统职务的政治人物。 Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (turkieraz /ɾeˈd͡ʒep tajˈjip ˈæɾdo.an/ ahoskatua; Istanbul, 1954ko otsailaren 26a) turkiar politikari eta ekonomialaria da, 2014ko abuztutik aurrera Turkiako presidentea dena. 2003 eta 2014 artean lehen ministro eta 1994 eta 1998 artean jaioterriko alkatea izan zen. alderdiko kidea, 1998an hamar hilabeteko zigorra jaso zuen, intolerantzia erlijiosoaz salaturik. Gero, islamismo gogorra utzi eta 2001ean Justizia eta Garapenaren Alderdia alderdia sortu eta harekin, 2002an hauteskundeak irabazi zituen. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (Pengucapan bahasa Turki:; lahir 26 Februari 1954) adalah seorang politikus Turki yang menjabat sebagai Presiden Turki sejak 2014. Sebelumnya, ia menjabat Perdana Menteri Turki sejak 14 Maret 2003 sampai 28 Agustus 2014. Ia juga seorang pimpinan Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi (AKP, atau Partai Keadilan dan Pembangunan). Pada tahun 2010, Erdoğan terpilih sebagai tokoh muslim ke-2 paling berpengaruh di dunia. Polaiteoir agus 12ú Uachtarán na Tuirce is ea Recep Tayyip Erdoğan a rugadh ar an 26 Feabhra, 1954. レジェップ・タイイップ・エルドアン（Recep Tayyip Erdoğan [ɾeˈd͡ʒep tɑjˈjip ˈæɾdo(ɰ)ɑn], 1954年2月26日 - ）は、トルコの政治家。2014年からトルコ大統領を務めている。 레제프 타이이프 에르도안(튀르키예어: Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, 문화어: 레쎄프 타이프 에르도간, 1954년 2월 26일 ~ )은 튀르키예의 정치인으로, 제25대 총리이자, 제12대 대통령이다. 2003년 3월 14일에 총리가 되었으며, 2014년 튀르키예 역사상 최초로 치러진 직선제 대통령 선거에서 당선되었다. 2014년 8월 28일 취임해 2018년 7월 9일에 치러진 대선에서 재선에 성공하였으며 2019년 8월 28일에 재취임하여 현재에 이르고 있다. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (tureckou výslovností []IPA; * 26. února 1954, Istanbul, Turecko) je prezident Turecké republiky, bývalý starosta Istanbulu a v letech 2003 až 2014 turecký premiér. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (born 26 February 1954) is a Turkish politician serving as the 12th and current president of Turkey since 2014. He previously served as prime minister of Turkey from 2003 to 2014 and as mayor of Istanbul from 1994 to 1998. He founded the Justice and Development Party (AKP) in 2001, leading it to election victories in 2002, 2007, and 2011 general elections before being required to stand down upon his election as president in 2014. He later returned to the AKP leadership in 2017 following the constitutional referendum that year. Coming from an Islamist political background and self-describing as a conservative democrat, he has promoted socially conservative and populist policies during his administration. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (AFI: [ɾeˈd͡ʒep tɑjˈjip ˈæɾdoːɑn], ; Istanbul, 26 febbraio 1954) è un politico turco, 12º e attuale presidente della Turchia. In precedenza ha ricoperto la carica di Primo ministro dal 2003 al 2014 e di sindaco di Istanbul dal 1994 al 1998. Ha fondato il Partito per la Giustizia e lo Sviluppo (AKP) nel 2001, conducendolo alle vittorie elettorali nelle elezioni parlamentari in Turchia del 2002, 2007 e 2011 prima di dimettersi dal partito dopo la sua elezione a presidente nel 2014. In seguito è tornato alla leadership dell'AKP nel 2017, dopo il referendum costituzionale di quell'anno. Proveniente da un retroscena politico islamista, autodefinitosi come un "democratico conservatore", durante la sua amministrazione ha promosso politiche economiche socialmente conservatrici Recep Tayyip Erdoğan [ˈrɛdʒɛp ˈtɑːjip ˈɛrdɔːɑn]? (info / uitleg) (Istanboel, 26 februari 1954) is de 12e en huidige president van de Republiek Turkije. Hiervoor was hij de burgemeester van Istanboel (1994-1998) en minister-president van Turkije (2003-2014). Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (Istambul, 26 de fevereiro de 1954) é um político turco, atual presidente da Turquia desde 28 de agosto de 2014. Anteriormente, ocupou o cargo de primeiro-ministro do país entre 14 de março de 2003 e 2014, tendo sido também prefeito de Istambul de 1994 a 1998. Erdoğan é o fundador do Partido da Justiça e Desenvolvimento (em turco Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi) e liderou-o em três vitórias eleitorais, a saber em 2002, 2007 e 2011 antes de sua vitória nas eleições presidenciais de 2014. Tendo iniciado sua carreira política como um islamista e democrata conservador, seu governo tem sofrido transições graduais ao conservadorismo social e também ao liberalismo econômico. رَجَب طيّب أردُوغان (بالتركية: Recep Tayyip Erdoğan)‏ (ولد في 26 فبراير 1954)، هو سياسي وإقتصادي تركي يشغل منصب الرئيس الثاني عشر والحالي لتركيا منذ عام 2014. وقد شغل سابقًا منصب رئيس الوزراء من عام 2003 إلى عام 2014 ورئيسًا لبلدية إسطنبول من عام 1994 إلى عام 1998. أسس حزب العدالة والتنمية (AKP) في عام 2001، وقاده إلى الانتصار في الانتخابات في أعوام 2002 و2007 و2011 قبل أن ينتخب رئيسًا في عام 2014. انطلاقًا من خلفية سياسية إسلامية وكشخص يصف نفسه بأنه ، قام بتشجيع السياسات الليبرالية الاقتصادية والسياسات المحافظة اجتماعياً. Recep Tayyip ERDOĞAN [reĝep tajip erdoan] (naskiĝis la 26-an de februaro 1954 en Istanbulo) estas nun la 12-a prezidanto de Turkio, ekde 2014. Antaŭe li estis ĉefministro. Erdoğan estas gvidanto de politika partio Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi (AKP), kiu elpaŝas por "milda islamismo", analogie al "kristandemokratiaj" partioj de Eŭropo. Agado de tiu partio kaŭzis en 2007 amasajn protestojn subtene al tradicia turkia laikeco. En junio de 2011 venkis la trian fojon la prezidanto Recep Tayyip Erdoğan en la ĝenerala balotado. Ο Ρετζέπ Ταγίπ Ερντογάν (τουρκ. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, προφέρεται [ɾeˈdʒep tajˈjip ˈæɾdoaan], Κωνσταντινούπολη, 26 Φεβρουαρίου 1954) είναι Τούρκος πολιτικός τουρκικής, λαζικής και γεωργιανής καταγωγής, πρόεδρος της Τουρκίας από τον Αύγουστο του 2014. Διετέλεσε επίσης πρωθυπουργός της χώρας από το 2003 έως το 2014, για τρεις συνεχόμενες θητείες, ενώ υπηρέτησε και ως δήμαρχος Κωνσταντινούπολης (1994 - 1998). Υπήρξε ο Ιδρυτής και πρώτος αρχηγός του Κόμματος Δικαιοσύνης και Ανάπτυξης. Με τη νίκη του στις προεδρικές εκλογές τον Αύγουστο του 2014 ο Έρντογαν έγινε ο πρώτος Τούρκος πρόεδρος που εκλέχθηκε από το λαό, μετά τον Γκιούλ. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (prononcé en turc : /ɾeˈd͡ʒep tajˈjip ˈeɾdoan/ ), né le 26 février 1954 à Beyoğlu, est un homme d'État turc. Cofondateur du Parti de la justice et du développement avec Abdullah Gül, il est Premier ministre de 2003 à 2014 et président de la république de Turquie depuis 2014. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (turkiskt uttal: [rɛˈdʒɛp tɑːˈjip ˈɛrdɔɑn]), född 26 februari 1954 i i Istanbul, är Turkiets president sedan den 28 augusti 2014. Han var tidigare Turkiets premiärminister från den 14 mars 2003 fram till dess att han tillträdde som president. Han var från 2001 till 2014 partiledare för Rättvise- och utvecklingspartiet som han grundade, ett parti som innehar en majoritet i den . Erdoğan var Istanbuls borgmästare mellan 1994 och 1998. Han utexaminerades år 1981 från Marmara University och var också semi-professionell fotbollsspelare från år 1969 till år 1982. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (wym. tur. [ˈɾɛdʒɛp ˈtɑːjip ˈɛɾdɔːɑn]; ur. 26 lutego 1954 w Stambule) – turecki ekonomista i polityk, przewodniczący Partii Sprawiedliwości i Rozwoju w latach 2001–2014 i ponownie od 2017, burmistrz Stambułu w latach 1994–1998, premier Turcji w latach 2003–2014, prezydent Turcji od 28 sierpnia 2014.
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dbo:birthPlace
dbr:Istanbul dbr:Kasımpaşa_(quarter)
dbp:birthPlace
Kasımpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
dbo:birthDate
1954-02-26
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Recep Tayyip Erdoğan signature.png
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Marmara University
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1954-02-26
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Erdoğan in 2022
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July 2022
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Category:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
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dbr:Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)
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1978-07-04 dbr:Emine_Erdoğan
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dbr:Ali_Müfit_Gürtuna Ahmet Davutoğlu dbr:Shavkat_Mirziyoyev
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2014-08-27 1998-11-06 2014-08-28 2022-11-11
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2017-05-21 2003-03-09 2003-03-14 2021-11-12 2014-08-28 2001-08-14 1994-03-27
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dbr:List_of_mayors_of_Istanbul Chairperson of the Group of 20 dbr:Prime_Minister_of_Turkey dbr:President_of_Turkey dbr:Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)
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dbo:abstract
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (prononcé en turc : /ɾeˈd͡ʒep tajˈjip ˈeɾdoan/ ), né le 26 février 1954 à Beyoğlu, est un homme d'État turc. Cofondateur du Parti de la justice et du développement avec Abdullah Gül, il est Premier ministre de 2003 à 2014 et président de la république de Turquie depuis 2014. Diplômé de la faculté des sciences économiques et commerciales de l'université de Marmara, Erdoğan est joueur de football semi-professionnel de 1969 à 1982. C'est au niveau local qu'il commence son parcours politique, après avoir été élu maire d'Istanbul en 1994. Il perd ce mandat en 1998, lorsqu'il est emprisonné pendant quelques mois pour avoir lu un poème du nationaliste turc Ziya Gökalp dans la province de Siirt. En 2001, il fonde l'AKP, qui devient la première force politique turque en 2002, en obtenant la majorité à la Grande Assemblée nationale. Nommé Premier ministre en 2003, il amende la Constitution pour que le chef de l'État soit directement élu par les citoyens, prône une intégration de la Turquie au sein de l'Union européenne et tente de réformer l'économie nationale. Populaire lorsqu'il s'engage dans le jeu politique, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan bénéficie d'une solide majorité parlementaire, confirmée lors des scrutins législatifs de 2007 et de 2011. Le régime qu'il a instauré est à partir de cette époque considéré comme étant autoritaire voire dictatorial. Il est également contesté pour des soupçons de corruption pesant sur son entourage politique et personnel. Il ne parvient par ailleurs pas à régler la question kurde et le conflit dans le sud-est du pays reprend sous sa présidence. En 2014, il devient le premier président de la république de Turquie élu au suffrage universel direct. L'AKP perd la majorité absolue aux élections législatives de juin 2015, mais la regagne à celles de novembre 2015. Dès le début de sa présidence, une dérive autoritaire du pouvoir est soulignée. La tentative de coup d'État de 2016 renforce la position d'Erdoğan et conduit à des purges avec plus de 50 000 arrestations dont des députés de l'opposition et au licenciement de plus de 100 000 employés du secteur public, ainsi qu'à la mise en place de réformes sécuritaires et à une présidentialisation du régime. Il est réélu à l’issue de l’élection présidentielle anticipée de 2018 et inaugure un régime présidentiel. Polaiteoir agus 12ú Uachtarán na Tuirce is ea Recep Tayyip Erdoğan a rugadh ar an 26 Feabhra, 1954. Ο Ρετζέπ Ταγίπ Ερντογάν (τουρκ. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, προφέρεται [ɾeˈdʒep tajˈjip ˈæɾdoaan], Κωνσταντινούπολη, 26 Φεβρουαρίου 1954) είναι Τούρκος πολιτικός τουρκικής, λαζικής και γεωργιανής καταγωγής, πρόεδρος της Τουρκίας από τον Αύγουστο του 2014. Διετέλεσε επίσης πρωθυπουργός της χώρας από το 2003 έως το 2014, για τρεις συνεχόμενες θητείες, ενώ υπηρέτησε και ως δήμαρχος Κωνσταντινούπολης (1994 - 1998). Υπήρξε ο Ιδρυτής και πρώτος αρχηγός του Κόμματος Δικαιοσύνης και Ανάπτυξης. Με τη νίκη του στις προεδρικές εκλογές τον Αύγουστο του 2014 ο Έρντογαν έγινε ο πρώτος Τούρκος πρόεδρος που εκλέχθηκε από το λαό, μετά τον Γκιούλ. Ο Έρντογαν είναι γνωστός για τις συντηρητικές του θέσεις στο θέμα των σχέσεων Κράτους και Ισλαμικής θρησκείας, οι οποίες οδήγησαν στις αιματηρές διαδηλώσεις στην Τουρκία το 2013, την υιοθέτηση των θέσεων του Νέο-Οθωμανισμού στην εξωτερική πολιτική, τη σύγκρουσή του με τον Στρατό της χώρας και την αναπτυξιακή του οικονομική πολιτική, που τον βοήθησε να έχει μια άνετη πολιτική επικράτηση στις συνεχόμενες εκλογικές αναμετρήσεις. Επί των ημερών του η Τουρκία ξεκίνησε τις διαπραγματεύσεις για την ένταξή της στην Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση, 45 χρόνια μετά το πρώτο αίτημα της για αυτό. Recep Tayyip ERDOĞAN [reĝep tajip erdoan] (naskiĝis la 26-an de februaro 1954 en Istanbulo) estas nun la 12-a prezidanto de Turkio, ekde 2014. Antaŭe li estis ĉefministro. Erdoğan estas gvidanto de politika partio Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi (AKP), kiu elpaŝas por "milda islamismo", analogie al "kristandemokratiaj" partioj de Eŭropo. Agado de tiu partio kaŭzis en 2007 amasajn protestojn subtene al tradicia turkia laikeco. En junio de 2011 venkis la trian fojon la prezidanto Recep Tayyip Erdoğan en la ĝenerala balotado. Erdoğan kaŭzis internacian indignon en 2016, kiam li komencis proceduron kontraŭ Jan Böhmermann, kiu antaŭe insultis Erdoğan en satira poemo. 레제프 타이이프 에르도안(튀르키예어: Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, 문화어: 레쎄프 타이프 에르도간, 1954년 2월 26일 ~ )은 튀르키예의 정치인으로, 제25대 총리이자, 제12대 대통령이다. 2003년 3월 14일에 총리가 되었으며, 2014년 튀르키예 역사상 최초로 치러진 직선제 대통령 선거에서 당선되었다. 2014년 8월 28일 취임해 2018년 7월 9일에 치러진 대선에서 재선에 성공하였으며 2019년 8월 28일에 재취임하여 현재에 이르고 있다. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (pronunciado [ɾeˈd͡ʒep tajˈjip ˈeɾdo.an]) (Estambul, 26 de febrero de 1954) es un político turco, presidente de Turquía desde agosto de 2014 y, previamente, primer ministro entre marzo de 2003 y agosto de 2014. Antes había sido alcalde de Estambul (1994-1998) por el Refah Partisi.​ Musulmán por voluntad propia, en 1973 se graduó en una escuela para imanes, y posteriormente cursó estudios en economía y comercio en la Universidad de Marmara, donde inició su amistad con Necmettin Erbakan. En 1976 empezó a militar políticamente en el Milli Selamet Partisi con una orientación islamista.​ En 1994 fue el candidato del Refah Partisi para la alcaldía de Estambul y ganó las elecciones municipales. Obtuvo una gran popularidad siendo el alcalde de esta megalópolis. A finales de 1997, durante su mandato como alcalde de Estambul, un tribunal le prohibió ocupar cualquier puesto en la administración pública y fue sentenciado a diez meses de cárcel, acusado de intolerancia religiosa por la lectura de un poema del poeta turco Ziya Gokalp en un acto público en Siirt, un municipio en el este de Turquía.​ Debido a la situación, se vio forzado a dimitir como alcalde y dejó su cargo el 6 de noviembre de 1998. Tras cumplir cuatro meses y diez días de cárcel fue liberado y se le retiró la prohibición de ocupar puestos en la administración pública. Con el abandono de posiciones políticas abiertamente islamistas, fundó el Partido de la Justicia y el Desarrollo en 2001, ganador de las elecciones generales de Turquía de 2002. En una década y media desde que su partido llegó al poder, concurrió a 14 elecciones: seis legislativas, tres referendos, tres locales y dos votos presidenciales y todas las ganó.​ Fundó el Partido Justicia y Desarrollo (AKP) en 2001 y lo llevó a la victoria en las elecciones de 2002, 2007 y 2011 antes de ser elegido presidente en 2014. De origen político islamista y como alguien que se describe a sí mismo como un demócrata conservador , ha alentado la política liberal. Conservadora y socialmente económica. Tras más de once años como primer ministro de Turquía, en 2014 se presentó a las elecciones presidenciales, de las cuales salió vencedor, y fue proclamado jefe de Estado el 28 de agosto de 2014, sucediendo a Abdullah Gül. Después del intento de golpe de Estado de Turquía de 2016, y gracias a su victoria en las elecciones presidenciales de Turquía de 2018, Erdoğan asumió una amplia gama de nuevos poderes aprobados en un referéndum constitucional de 2017, que transformaron la presidencia en un cargo ejecutivo preponderante, cuando antes no pasaba de lo meramente ceremonial.​ Desde entonces su gobierno ha desarrollado un enfoque más ambicioso de la política exterior hacia sus vecinos y aliados. Esta tendencia, que se ha manifestado en una actitud más independiente y un cierto acercamiento hacia las posiciones defendidas por otros países musulmanes moderados, ha sido calificada en ocasiones como “neootomanismo”, apuntando con ello a la toma de conciencia por parte de Turquía de su renovada influencia regional y de su peso geopolítico en Oriente Próximo y en los Balcanes (donde hay una fuerte presencia turco-musulmana), que se manifestaría en una cierta “orientalización” de sus relaciones exteriores.​ En su círculo íntimo lo llaman beyefendi (el gran señor) y para sus admiradores es el reis (el gran jefe). Sus seguidores destacan cómo llevó al país a un nuevo nivel de prosperidad económica y lo posicionó como un actor internacional respetado. Superado por el Padre de la Patria, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.​ Recep Tayyip Erdoğan [ɾɛˈd͡ʒɛp taˈjip ɛɾdoˈan] (* 26. Februar 1954 in Istanbul) ist ein türkischer Politiker (AKP) und seit dem 28. August 2014 der zwölfte Präsident der Republik Türkei. Von 1994 bis 1998 war er Oberbürgermeister von Istanbul. Im Jahr 1999 war er für vier Monate inhaftiert. Von 2001 bis 2014 war er und seit 2017 ist er wieder AKP-Vorsitzender. Von 2003 bis 2014 war er Ministerpräsident der Türkei, zuletzt mit seinem dritten Kabinett. Durch das Verfassungsreferendum von 2017 wurde mit der Präsidentschafts- und Parlamentswahl im Juli 2018 ein Präsidialsystem in der Türkei eingeführt. Nach einer anfänglichen Phase der Liberalisierung nahm Erdoğans Präsidentschaft zunehmend autoritäre Züge an. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (born 26 February 1954) is a Turkish politician serving as the 12th and current president of Turkey since 2014. He previously served as prime minister of Turkey from 2003 to 2014 and as mayor of Istanbul from 1994 to 1998. He founded the Justice and Development Party (AKP) in 2001, leading it to election victories in 2002, 2007, and 2011 general elections before being required to stand down upon his election as president in 2014. He later returned to the AKP leadership in 2017 following the constitutional referendum that year. Coming from an Islamist political background and self-describing as a conservative democrat, he has promoted socially conservative and populist policies during his administration. Following the 1994 local elections, Erdoğan was elected mayor of Istanbul as the candidate of the Islamist Welfare Party. He was later stripped of his position, banned from political office, and imprisoned for four months for inciting religious hatred, due to his recitation of a poem by Ziya Gökalp. Erdoğan subsequently abandoned openly Islamist politics, establishing the moderate conservative AKP in 2001, which he went on to lead to a landslide victory in 2002. With Erdoğan still technically prohibited from holding office, the AKP's co-founder, Abdullah Gül, instead became prime minister, and later annulled Erdoğan's political ban. After winning a by-election in Siirt in 2003, Erdoğan replaced Gül as prime minister, with Gül instead becoming the AKP's candidate for the presidency. Erdoğan led the AKP to two more election victories in 2007 and 2011. Reforms made in the early years of Erdoğan's tenure as prime minister granted Turkey the start of EU membership negotiations. Furthermore, Turkey experienced an economic recovery from the economic crisis of 2001 and saw investments in infrastructure including roads, airports, and a high-speed train network. He also won two successful constitutional referendums in 2007 and 2010. However, his government remained controversial for its close links with Fethullah Gülen and his Gülen movement (since designated as a terrorist organisation by the Turkish state) with whom the AKP was accused of orchestrating purges against secular bureaucrats and military officers through the Balyoz and Ergenekon trials. In late 2012, his government began peace negotiations with the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) to end the Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present). The ceasefire broke down in 2015, leading to a renewed escalation in conflict. Erdoğan's foreign policy has been described as Neo-Ottoman and has led to the Turkish involvement in the Syrian Civil War, with its focus on preventing the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) from gaining ground on the Syria–Turkey border during the Syrian Civil War. In the more recent years of Erdoğan's rule, Turkey has experienced democratic backsliding and corruption. Starting with the anti-government protests in 2013, his government imposed growing censorship on the press and social media, temporarily restricting access to sites such as YouTube, Twitter and Wikipedia. This stalled negotiations related to Turkey's EU membership. A US$100 billion corruption scandal in 2013 led to the arrests of Erdoğan's close allies, and incriminated Erdoğan. After 11 years as head of government (Prime Minister), Erdoğan decided to run for president in 2014. At the time, the presidency was a somewhat ceremonial function. Following the 2014 elections, Erdoğan became the first popularly elected president of Turkey. The souring in relations with Gülen continued, as the government proceeded to purge his supporters from judicial, bureaucratic and military positions. A failed military coup d'état attempt in July 2016 resulted in further purges and a state of emergency that lasted until 2018. The government claimed that the coup leaders were linked to Gülen, but he has denied any role in it. Erdoğan's rule has been marked with increasing authoritarianism, expansionism, censorship and banning of parties or dissent. Erdoğan supported the 2017 referendum which changed Turkey's parliamentary system into a presidential system, thus setting for the first time in Turkish history a term limit for the head of government (two full five-year terms). This new system of government formally came into place after the 2018 general election, where Erdoğan became an executive president. His party however lost the majority in the parliament and is currently in a coalition (People's Alliance) with the Turkish nationalist MHP. Erdoğan has since been tackling, but also accused of contributing to, the Turkish currency and debt crisis of 2018, which has caused a significant decline in his popularity and is widely believed to have contributed to the results of the 2019 local elections, in which his party lost power in large cities such as Ankara and Istanbul to opposition parties for the first time in 15 years. 雷杰普·塔伊普·埃尔多安（土耳其語：Recep Tayyip Erdoğan，土耳其語發音：[ɾeˈd͡ʒep tajˈjip ˈæɾdo.an] （）；1954年2月26日－；又譯艾爾段），土耳其政治人物、伊斯蘭主義者、新鄂圖曼主義及民族保守主義者，曾连任三届土耳其总理，現任土耳其总统、正义与发展党领袖。他是土耳其第一位通过直选方式先后担任总理、总统职务的政治人物。 رَجَب طيّب أردُوغان (بالتركية: Recep Tayyip Erdoğan)‏ (ولد في 26 فبراير 1954)، هو سياسي وإقتصادي تركي يشغل منصب الرئيس الثاني عشر والحالي لتركيا منذ عام 2014. وقد شغل سابقًا منصب رئيس الوزراء من عام 2003 إلى عام 2014 ورئيسًا لبلدية إسطنبول من عام 1994 إلى عام 1998. أسس حزب العدالة والتنمية (AKP) في عام 2001، وقاده إلى الانتصار في الانتخابات في أعوام 2002 و2007 و2011 قبل أن ينتخب رئيسًا في عام 2014. انطلاقًا من خلفية سياسية إسلامية وكشخص يصف نفسه بأنه ، قام بتشجيع السياسات الليبرالية الاقتصادية والسياسات المحافظة اجتماعياً. لعب أردوغان كرة القدم لصالح نادي قاسم باشا قبل انتخابه عام 1994 كرئيس لبلدية إسطنبول تابعاً لحزب الرفاه الإسلامي. تم تجريده من منصبه وسُجن لمدة أربعة أشهر بسبب قصيدة ألقاها اتُّهِم فيها أنه يحرض على الكراهية الدينية. تخلى أردوغان عن السياسة الإسلامية العلنية وأنشأ حزب العدالة والتنمية المحافظ المعتدل في عام 2001. وعقب انتصار حزب العدالة والتنمية الساحق في عام 2002، أصبح المؤسس المشارك للحزب عبد الله غل رئيس الوزراء، حتى ألغت حكومته حظر أردوغان من المناصب السياسية. أصبح أردوغان رئيسًا للوزراء في مارس 2003. شهدت السنوات الأولى لرئاسة أردوغان تقدماً في المفاوضات الخاصة بانضمام تركيا إلى الاتحاد الأوروبي، وانتعاشًا اقتصاديًا بعد الأزمة المالية في عام 2001 واستثمارات في البنية التحتية بما في ذلك الطرق والمطارات وشبكة القطارات فائقة السرعة. كما نجح في تمرير استفتائين دستوريين ناجحين في عامي 2007 و2010. ومع ذلك، ظلت حكومته مثيرة للجدل لعلاقاتها الوثيقة (التي ساءت لاحقاً) مع فتح الله جولن وجماعته والتي اتُّهِمت هي وحزب العدالة والتنمية من قبل الصحافات الأجنبية بتدبير عمليات قضاء على البيروقراطيين وضباط الجيش العلمانيين من خلال محاكمات خطة المطرقة و محاكمات إرغينكون. في أواخر عام 2012، بدأت حكومته مفاوضات سلام مع حزب العمال الكردستاني (PKK) لإنهاء الصراع التركي الكردي المستمر الذي بدأ في عام 1978. انهارت حالة وقف إطلاق النار في عام 2015، مما أدى إلى تجدد التصعيد في الصراع. تم وصف السياسة الخارجية لأردوغان بأنها عثمانية جديدة وشملت محاولات لمنع قوات حزب الاتحاد الديمقراطي ووحدات حماية الشعب الكردية السورية من إحراز تقدم في مناطق الحدود التركية السورية خلال الحرب الأهلية السورية. اتهمت منظمة «بيت الحرية» الأمريكية حكومة أردوغان بالانتكاس الديمقراطي والفساد في السنوات اللاحقة. بدءاً من الاحتجاجات المناهضة للحكومة في عام 2013، اتهمت الصحافة الأجنبية حكومته بفرض رقابة متزايدة على الصحافة ووسائل التواصل الاجتماعي كما فرضت حظراً مؤقتاً على مواقع مثل يوتيوب وتويتر وويكيبيديا. وتسبب ذلك في توقف المفاوضات الخاصة بانضمام تركيا إلى الاتحاد الأوروبي. أدت فضيحة فساد في عام 2013 إلى اعتقال بعض حلفاء أردوغان المقربين. أدت محاولة الانقلاب العسكري الفاشلة في يوليو 2016 إلى مزيد من عمليات التطهير وإعلان حالة الطوارئ. ادعت الحكومة أن قادة الانقلاب كانوا مرتبطين بجولن، وشرع أردوغان في القضاء على أنصار جولن من المناصب القضائية والبيروقراطية والعسكرية. بصفته مؤيدًا قديمًا لتغيير نظام الحكم البرلماني التركي إلى رئاسي تنفيذي، شكل أردوغان تحالفًا مع حزب الحركة القومية اليميني (MHP) لإنشاء رئاسة تنفيذية في عام 2017، وقبلت تلك التغييرات في استفتاء دستوري. بدأ نظام الحكم الجديد رسمياً بعد الانتخابات العامة لعام 2018، حيث أعيد انتخاب أردوغان والتحالف الشعبي الجديد لحزب العدالة والتنمية - حزب الحركة القومية. ومنذ ذلك الحين استمر أردوغان في محاولة إصلاح أزمة العملة والديون التركية لعام 2018 لكن اتهمه البعض أيضًا بالمساهمة فيها. احتل الرئيس أردوغان المركز الأول بين أكثر 500 مسلم تأثيراً في العالم عام 2019. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (AFI: [ɾeˈd͡ʒep tɑjˈjip ˈæɾdoːɑn], ; Istanbul, 26 febbraio 1954) è un politico turco, 12º e attuale presidente della Turchia. In precedenza ha ricoperto la carica di Primo ministro dal 2003 al 2014 e di sindaco di Istanbul dal 1994 al 1998. Ha fondato il Partito per la Giustizia e lo Sviluppo (AKP) nel 2001, conducendolo alle vittorie elettorali nelle elezioni parlamentari in Turchia del 2002, 2007 e 2011 prima di dimettersi dal partito dopo la sua elezione a presidente nel 2014. In seguito è tornato alla leadership dell'AKP nel 2017, dopo il referendum costituzionale di quell'anno. Proveniente da un retroscena politico islamista, autodefinitosi come un "democratico conservatore", durante la sua amministrazione ha promosso politiche economiche socialmente conservatrici e populiste, che hanno portato ad un progressivo ritorno dell'islam all'interno del paese dopo la laicizzazione avvenuta ai tempi di Ataturk. Si è classificato al primo posto nella classifica dei "500 musulmani più influenti del mondo" stilata nel 2019 dal "Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre" con sede in Giordania. Erdoğan ha giocato a calcio nel Kasımpaşa Spor Kulübü prima di essere eletto sindaco di Istanbul nel 1994 come candidato del Partito del Benessere, di stampo islamista. In seguito fu sollevato dall'incarico, interdetto dal ricoprire posizioni politiche e imprigionato per quattro mesi con l'accusa di incitamento all'odio religioso per aver recitato una poesia di Ziya Gökalp. Successivamente abbandonò la pratica aperta di politiche islamiste, fondando il Partito della Giustizia e dello Sviluppo (AKP) nel 2001, che portò a una vittoria schiacciante nelle elezioni parlamentari in Turchia del 2002. Essendo ancora tecnicamente interdetto dal ricoprire un incarico politico, è stato invece il cofondatore dell'AKP, Abdullah Gül, a divenire invece Primo ministro, potendo così annullare il divieto per incarichi politici vigente su Erdoğan. Erdoğan ha quindi sostituito Gül come Primo ministro, mentre quest'ultimo è invece diventato candidato dell'AKP come presidente della Turchia. È riuscito successivamente a portare l'AKP ad altre due vittorie nelle elezioni parlamentari in Turchia del 2007 e del 2011, prima di essere eletto presidente nelle elezioni presidenziali in Turchia del 2014 e per la stessa carica nel 2018. I primi anni sotto Erdoğan come Primo ministro hanno visto progressi nei negoziati per l'adesione della Turchia all'Unione europea, una ripresa a seguito della crisi economica turca del 2001 e investimenti in infrastrutture tra cui strade, aeroporti e una rete per l'alta velocità ferroviaria. Ha anche proposto e vinto due referendum costituzionali nel 2007 e nel 2010. Tuttavia, durante il suo governo, ha subito varie critiche per i suoi stretti legami con Fethullah Gülen, e il "Movimento Gülen", tutt'oggi designato come organizzazione terroristica, con cui l'AKP è stato accusato di orchestrare epurazioni contro burocrati secolaristi e ufficiali militari. Alla fine del 2012, Erdoğan ha avviato i negoziati di pace con il Partito dei Lavoratori del Kurdistan (PKK) per porre fine al conflitto curdo-turco iniziato nel 1978. Il cessate il fuoco si è interrotto nel 2015, portando a una rinnovata spiralizzazione. La sua politica estera è stata descritta come figlia del neo-ottomanesimo e ha portato al coinvolgimento turco nella guerra civile siriana, impedendo alle forze siriano-curde del Partito dell'Unione Democratica (PYD) e all'Unità di Protezione Popolare (YPG) di guadagnare terreno sul confine turco-siriano durante il conflitto. A partire dagli anni 2010, Erdoğan è stato responsabile di un processo di arresto e arretramento della democrazia in Turchia, aggravato da un alto indice di corruzione. In seguito alle grandi proteste del 2013, ha imposto una crescente censura sulla libertà di stampa e sui social media, autorizzando blocchi su siti come YouTube, Twitter e Wikipedia. Ciò ha definitivamente bloccato i negoziati relativi all'entrata della Turchia nell'Unione europea. Uno scandalo di corruzione per un valore di 100 miliardi di dollari nel 2013 ha portato agli arresti di alcuni stretti alleati di Erdoğan ed alla sua incriminazione. Un inasprimento dei suoi rapporti con Fethullah Gülen, lo ha spinto a rimuovere i sostenitori di quest'ultimo dalle cariche giudiziarie, burocratiche e militari. Il tentato colpo di Stato in Turchia del 2016 ha provocato ulteriori epurazioni e uno stato di emergenza durato quasi due anni. Erdoğan ha affermato che i leader del colpo di Stato erano collegati a Gülen, ma quest'ultimo ha negato il proprio coinvolgimento. In quanto sostenitore di lunga data di una trasformazione della Turchia da repubblica parlamentare a repubblica presidenziale, Erdoğan ha stretto un'alleanza col Partito del Movimento Nazionalista (MHP), schierato in estrema destra, così da attuare questo profondo cambiamento nella forma di governo, approvato tramite il controverso referendum costituzionale del 2017. Il nuovo sistema è entrato in vigore formalmente dopo le elezioni generali in Turchia del 2018, dove la coalizione AKP–MHP ha ottenuto la maggioranza. Da allora, come presidente, ha dovuto affrontare la crisi della lira turca e del debito nazionale nel 2018, di cui però è stato accusato egli stesso di essere parte del problema, assistendo a un calo significativo della propria popolarità. Si ritiene, inoltre, che ciò abbia ampiamente contribuito alla sua sconfitta nelle elezioni locali del 2019, in cui il suo partito ha perso il controllo di Ankara e Istanbul per la prima volta in 15 anni. Dopo la sconfitta elettorale, Erdoğan ha ordinato una rielezione a Istanbul, in cui però perse nuovamente le elezioni con un distacco nientemeno maggiore, a favore del Partito Popolare Repubblicano (CHP). Queste due sconfitte consecutive sono state viste come un duro colpo per Erdoğan ed egli stesso ha affermato in passato: «Persa Istanbul, avremo perso la Turchia». レジェップ・タイイップ・エルドアン（Recep Tayyip Erdoğan [ɾeˈd͡ʒep tɑjˈjip ˈæɾdo(ɰ)ɑn], 1954年2月26日 - ）は、トルコの政治家。2014年からトルコ大統領を務めている。 Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (tureckou výslovností []IPA; * 26. února 1954, Istanbul, Turecko) je prezident Turecké republiky, bývalý starosta Istanbulu a v letech 2003 až 2014 turecký premiér. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (Pengucapan bahasa Turki:; lahir 26 Februari 1954) adalah seorang politikus Turki yang menjabat sebagai Presiden Turki sejak 2014. Sebelumnya, ia menjabat Perdana Menteri Turki sejak 14 Maret 2003 sampai 28 Agustus 2014. Ia juga seorang pimpinan Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi (AKP, atau Partai Keadilan dan Pembangunan). Pada tahun 2010, Erdoğan terpilih sebagai tokoh muslim ke-2 paling berpengaruh di dunia. Erdoğan terpilih sebagai Wali kota Istanbul dalam pemilu lokal pada 27 Maret 1994. Dia dipenjara pada 12 Desember 1997 karena puisinya yang bermasalah. Setelah empat bulan di penjara, Erdoğan mendirikan Partai Keadilan dan Pembangunan (AKP) pada tanggal 14 Agustus 2001. Dari tahun pertama, AKP menjadi gerakan politik terbesar yang didukung publik di Turki. Pada pemilihan umum tahun 2002, AKP memenangkan dua pertiga kursi di parlemen, membentuk pemerintahan partai tunggal setelah 11 tahun. (pronunciació en turc: /ɾeˈd͡ʒep tajˈjip ˈɛɾdo.an/) (Kasımpaşa, 26 de febrer de 1954) és un polític turc. Des del 28 d'agost del 2014 és el President de Turquia. Anteriorment fou Primer Ministre de Turquia (2003-2014) i alcalde d'Istanbul (1994-1998). Редже́п Тайи́п Эрдога́н (тур. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan [reˈdʒep taːˈjip ˈerdoː.an]; род. 26 февраля 1954, Касымпаша, Стамбул, Турция) — турецкий государственный и политический деятель, действующий 12-й президент Турции с 28 августа 2014 года. Ранее он занимал пост премьер-министра Турции с 2003 по 2014 год и с 1994 по 1998 год. Основатель правящей Партии справедливости и развития. Эрдоган называл себя консервативным демократом и во время своего правления продвигал социально-консервативную и популистскую политику. Одержал победу на выборах президента Турции 10 августа 2014 года, в 2018 году вновь был избран президентом на досрочных выборах в Турции. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (Istambul, 26 de fevereiro de 1954) é um político turco, atual presidente da Turquia desde 28 de agosto de 2014. Anteriormente, ocupou o cargo de primeiro-ministro do país entre 14 de março de 2003 e 2014, tendo sido também prefeito de Istambul de 1994 a 1998. Erdoğan é o fundador do Partido da Justiça e Desenvolvimento (em turco Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi) e liderou-o em três vitórias eleitorais, a saber em 2002, 2007 e 2011 antes de sua vitória nas eleições presidenciais de 2014. Tendo iniciado sua carreira política como um islamista e democrata conservador, seu governo tem sofrido transições graduais ao conservadorismo social e também ao liberalismo econômico. Erdoğan defendeu as cores do clube de futebol Kasımpaşa Spor Kulübü até ser eleito Prefeito de Istambul pelo Partido do Bem-Estar (Refah Partisi) em 1994. É desta época a sua frase premonitória: "A democracia é como um comboio: quando se chega ao nosso destino, saímos". Quatro anos depois, foi sentenciado por incitar intolerância religiosa, abandonando o partido e as visões políticas islamistas. Em 2001, fundou seu atual partido e voltou à cena política turca. Pelo AKP, como também é conhecido o partido, foi vencedor nas eleições gerais de 2002, assumindo o cargo de Primeiro-ministro do novo governo encabeçado por Abdullah Gül. Durante as eleições regionais em Siirt, Erdoğan assumiu o gabinete ministerial da Turquia. Como parte sua "Visão 2023", o governo Erdoğan implementou uma série de negociações culminando no processo de adesão do país à União Europeia, um plano de recuperação econômica nacional e um turbulento processo de negociações com Partido dos Trabalhadores do Curdistão. Além disso, o governo também promoveu dois referendos constitucionais, em 2007 e 2010. Na agenda interna, Erdoğan investiu na melhora das estruturas públicas e da infraestrutura nacional, ampliando as redes rodoviária, ferroviária e aeroportuária turca. No plano de política externa, o governo turco tem dado ênfase ao neo-otomanismo, envolvendo-se abertamente em questões diplomáticas anteriormente sob domínio do extinto Império Otomano, antecessor do moderno estado turco. Respaldado pelo Movimento Gülen, o presidente turco limitou os poderes políticos dos militares através de dois controversos processos políticos. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (turkieraz /ɾeˈd͡ʒep tajˈjip ˈæɾdo.an/ ahoskatua; Istanbul, 1954ko otsailaren 26a) turkiar politikari eta ekonomialaria da, 2014ko abuztutik aurrera Turkiako presidentea dena. 2003 eta 2014 artean lehen ministro eta 1994 eta 1998 artean jaioterriko alkatea izan zen. alderdiko kidea, 1998an hamar hilabeteko zigorra jaso zuen, intolerantzia erlijiosoaz salaturik. Gero, islamismo gogorra utzi eta 2001ean Justizia eta Garapenaren Alderdia alderdia sortu eta harekin, 2002an hauteskundeak irabazi zituen. Turkian sistema presidentzialista autoritarioa ezartzeko bidean zegoela salaturik, 2016ko uztailean haren aurkako estatu-kolpe saiakera izan zen. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (wym. tur. [ˈɾɛdʒɛp ˈtɑːjip ˈɛɾdɔːɑn]; ur. 26 lutego 1954 w Stambule) – turecki ekonomista i polityk, przewodniczący Partii Sprawiedliwości i Rozwoju w latach 2001–2014 i ponownie od 2017, burmistrz Stambułu w latach 1994–1998, premier Turcji w latach 2003–2014, prezydent Turcji od 28 sierpnia 2014. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan [ˈrɛdʒɛp ˈtɑːjip ˈɛrdɔːɑn]? (info / uitleg) (Istanboel, 26 februari 1954) is de 12e en huidige president van de Republiek Turkije. Hiervoor was hij de burgemeester van Istanboel (1994-1998) en minister-president van Turkije (2003-2014). Erdoğan is geboren in Istanboel en als kind opgegroeid in Rize. Hij was een semiprofessioneel voetballer die tussen 1969 en 1982 voor Kasımpaşa speelde en genoot een religieuze beroepsopleiding. In 1994 werd hij gekozen tot burgemeester van Istanboel. In 1998 werd hij uit dat ambt gezet en veroordeeld tot een gevangenisstraf van 10 maanden vanwege het reciteren van een 'religieus discriminerend gedicht', waarbij hij geen politieke ambt meer mocht bekleden. Erdoğan was lid van islamitische politieke partijen die steeds verboden werden door het leger of de rechters. Binnen zijn toenmalige Deugdpartij werd er dan ook getwist over de geschikte koers van de partij tussen traditionele geesten en hervormingsgezinde geesten. De laatsten hadden een partij voor ogen die binnen de grenzen van het politieke systeem kon opereren, en wilden de fractie het karakter van een gewone confessionele partij geven naar voorbeeld van de Europese christendemocratische partijen. Toen de Deugdpartij in 2001 ook verboden werd, vond er een definitief schisma plaats: de volgelingen van Necmettin Erbakan richtten de (SP) op en de hervormers stichtten onder leiding van Abdullah Gül en Erdoğan de AK-partij. De AK-partij plaatste zich nadrukkelijk als een brede conservatieve partij met nieuwe politici van het politieke centrum, met respect voor islamitische normen en waarden, maar zonder een expliciet religieus programma. De eerstvolgende verkiezingen in 2002 behaalde de nieuwe partij in één klap 34% van de stemmen. Erdoğan werd premier in 2003 nadat de Gül-regering zijn politiek verbod vernietigde. Met een meerderheid in het parlement kon Erdoğan een grote hoeveelheid hervormingspakketten aangenomen krijgen. Die hervormingen waren gericht op toenadering tot Europa. Daarbij werd ook tegemoetgekomen aan een eis van de Europese Commissie: het terugdringen van de dominante positie van het leger. Economisch gezien ging het Turkije in deze periode zeer voor de wind. Met een gemiddeld groeipercentage van ruim 6% in de periode 2002-2008 maakte Turkije een modernisering door op het gebied van woningbouw, infrastructuur en gezondheidszorg. De verkiezingen van 2007 werden door de AK-partij dan ook overtuigend gewonnen (met 46,6% van de stemmen). Landelijke protesten braken uit tegen het groeiende autoritarisme van het bewind van Erdoğan in 2013 en 2014. Een internationaal bekritiseerd hard optreden tegen de demonstranten door de politie met traangas leidde tot enkele doden. Dit leidde ertoe dat moslimgeestelijke Fethullah Gülen zijn steun voor Erdoğan introk en de gesprekken met de EU over toetreding tot stilstand kwamen. Een corruptieschandaal binnen de overheid leidde in 2013 tot de arrestatie van nauwe bondgenoten van Erdoğan. Deze noemde het onderzoek dat eraan ten grondslag lag een "staatsgreep" en een "complot". Zijn regering reageerde met hervormingen van de rechterlijke macht en de veiligheidstroepen. Turkije blokkeerde sociale media nadat Erdoğan was beschuldigd in een opname vrijgegeven op het internet. Hoewel de rechterlijke macht het verbod vernietigde, kwam de regering van Erdoğan onder vuur vanwege mediacensuur, verkiezingsfraude en minachting voor de grondwet en de rechtsstaat. Hierdoor noemen zijn tegenstanders hem een dictator en sommige media noemen hem autoritair. Volgens wetenschappers is hij verantwoordelijk voor democratische erosie in Turkije. Op 10 augustus 2014 werd Erdoğan met 51% van de stemmen tot president van Turkije gekozen. De verkiezing werd bekritiseerd door zowel de politieke oppositie als internationale waarnemers vanwege beïnvloeding van de media in het voordeel van Erdoğan, beschuldigingen van corruptie, de onnauwkeurigheid van opiniepeilingen en het misbruik van officiële publieke middelen voor Erdoğans campagne. Редже́п Тайї́п Ердога́н (тур. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan; нар. 26 лютого 1954, Стамбул, Туреччина) — турецький державний діяч, політик. Президент Туреччини з 28 серпня 2014 року. Прем'єр-міністр Туреччини (2003—2014). Лідер турецької керівної Партії справедливості і розвитку. У 1994–1998 роках був мером Стамбула. 2018 року знову був обраний Президентом на дострокових виборах в Туреччині. Почесний доктор МДІМВ. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (turkiskt uttal: [rɛˈdʒɛp tɑːˈjip ˈɛrdɔɑn]), född 26 februari 1954 i i Istanbul, är Turkiets president sedan den 28 augusti 2014. Han var tidigare Turkiets premiärminister från den 14 mars 2003 fram till dess att han tillträdde som president. Han var från 2001 till 2014 partiledare för Rättvise- och utvecklingspartiet som han grundade, ett parti som innehar en majoritet i den . Erdoğan var Istanbuls borgmästare mellan 1994 och 1998. Han utexaminerades år 1981 från Marmara University och var också semi-professionell fotbollsspelare från år 1969 till år 1982. Erdoğan valdes till borgmästare för Istanbul i de lokala valen den 27 mars 1994. Han avgick från sitt ämbete under tvång och dömdes till fängelse för att han deklamerat en dikt under ett offentlig tal i provinsen Siirt den 12 december 1997, med orden "moskéerna är våra baracker, de troende är våra soldater och minareter är våra vapen". Dikten påstås ha citerats ur en bok publicerad av ett statligt företag och att boken hade rekommenderats till lärare av utbildningsministeriet. Efter sex månader i fängelse grundade Erdoğan Rättvise- och utvecklingspartiet (AKP) den 14 augusti 2001. Från sitt första år blev AKP den mest offentligt stödda politiska rörelsen i Turkiet. I det allmänna valet år 2002 segrade partiet med nästan två tredjedelar av platserna i parlamentet och kunde därmed bilda den första enpartiregeringen i Turkiet på nio år. Det har kritiserats i det starkt sekulära Turkiet för att förespråka en islamisk stat, men anses av sina egna anhängare vara ett moderat muslimskt parti. Som premiärminister genomförde Erdoğan ett flertal reformer. 45 år efter att Turkiet undertecknat ett associeringsavtal med EU började förhandlingarna om Turkiets anslutning till EU under Erdoğans ämbetstid. Inflationen, som i årtionden hade försvagat och drabbat landets ekonomi, kunde tas under kontroll och den turkiska liran återfick sin forna prestige genom eliminering av sex nollor. Räntorna sänktes och inkomsten per capita ökade markant. AKP vann valet 2007, vilket gjorde det till första gången på 52 år som ett parti i regeringsställning ökade sina röster för en andra mandatperiod. I valen 2011 omvaldes han för en tredje mandatperiod och Erdoğan fortsatte som premiärminister. Erdoğan är den längst sittande premiärministern i Turkiet sedan İsmet İnönü, samt den längst sittande premiärministern i sammanhängande period i landets historia. Den 1 juli 2014 nominerade AKP honom till sin kandidat i presidentvalet den 10 augusti 2014, varvid han med omkring 52 % av rösterna valdes till Turkiets förste direkt folkvalde president, med tillträde till ämbetet 28 augusti 2014.
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