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- يفترض علماء الإناسة (انثروبولوجيا) منطقيا أن البشر يعيشون أصلا عراة، دون ملابس، كوضع طبيعي وأن تكييف جلود الحيوانات والنباتات إلى اغطية لحمايه اللابس من البرد والحرارة والمطر، وخصوصا أن البشر هاجروا إلى مناخات جديدة؛ كبديل، تغطيأن تكون الملابس قد اخترعت أولا لأغراض أخرى، مثل السحر، الديكور، والعبادة. كان الإنسان الأول (في أفريقيا، قبل 20,000 سنة) عاريا. وكان قدماء اليونانيين يمارسون الرياضة وهم عرايا. واصل كلمة «جمنازيوم» (لعبة) هو «تدريب العرايا». لكنهم، اقتصروا ذلك على الرجال، ومنعوا النساء، حتى مشاهدات. وتوضح بقايا رسوم أول العاب أولمبية، قبل ثلاثة آلاف سنة، مصارعين وملاكمين يتنافسون وهم عرايا. وكان تعرى قدماء اليونانيين جزءا من عباداتهم («كما خلقني الإله»). وكانوا يقدمون جوائز الألعاب الأولمبية داخل معابد للفائزين وهم عرايا. (ar)
- The history of nudity involves social attitudes to nakedness of the human body in different cultures in history. The use of clothing to cover the body is one of the changes that mark the end of the Neolithic, and the beginning of civilizations. Nudity (or near-complete nudity) has traditionally been the social norm for both men and women in hunter-gatherer cultures in warm climates, and it is still common among many indigenous peoples. The need to cover the body is associated with human migration out of the tropics into climates where clothes were needed as protection from sun, heat, and dust in the Middle East; or from cold and rain in Europe and Asia. The first use of animal skins and cloth may have been as adornment, along with body modification, body painting, and jewelry, invented first for other purposes, such as magic, decoration, cult, or prestige. The skills used in their making were later found to be practical as well. In modern societies, complete nudity in public became increasingly rare as nakedness became associated with lower status, but the mild Mediterranean climate allowed for a minimum of clothing, and in a number of ancient cultures, the athletic and/or cultist nudity of men and boys was a natural concept. In ancient Greece, nudity became associated with the perfection of the gods. In ancient Rome, complete nudity could be a public disgrace, though it could be seen at the public baths or in erotic art. In the Western world, with the spread of Christianity, any positive associations with nudity were replaced with concepts of sin and shame. Although rediscovery of Greek ideals in the Renaissance restored the nude to symbolic meaning in art, by the Victorian era, public nakedness was considered obscene. In Asia, public nudity has been viewed as a violation of social propriety rather than sin; embarrassing rather than shameful. However, in Japan, mixed-gender communal bathing was quite normal and commonplace until the Meiji Restoration. While the upper classes had turned clothing into fashion, those who could not afford otherwise continued to swim or bathe openly in natural bodies of water or frequent communal baths through the 19th century. Acceptance of public nudity re-emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Philosophically based movements, particularly in Germany, opposed the rise of industrialization. Freikörperkultur (Free Body Culture) represented a return to nature and the elimination of shame. In the 1960s naturism moved from being a small subculture to part of a general rejection of restrictions on the body. Women reasserted the right to uncover their breasts in public, which had been the norm until the 17th century. The trend continued in much of Europe, with the establishment of many clothing-optional areas in parks and on beaches. Through all of the historical changes in the developed countries, cultures in the tropical climates of sub-Saharan Africa and the Amazon rainforest have continued with their traditional practices, being partially or completely nude during everyday activities. (en)
- La storia della nudità si riferisce agli atteggiamenti sociali delle diverse culture storiche nei confronti della nudità. L'uso di vari tipi e capi d'abbigliamento nella vita quotidiana è un fatto che si verifica comunemente nella maggioranza delle società umane. Non si sa con precisione quando l'essere umano abbia iniziato ad indossare vestiti per coprire la propria nudità; l'antropologia crede che pelli d'animali assieme a foglie e rami intrecciati siano stati adattati in rivestimenti principalmente per proteggersi dal freddo, dal caldo e dalla pioggia, soprattutto a seguito delle migrazioni in regioni dai climi estremi. L'ipotesi alternativa vuole che i vestiti possano essere stati inventati anche per altri scopi, come la magia, la decorazione corporea, gli atti cultuali, o per indicare una condizione di prestigio sociale. (it)
- L'histoire de la nudité répertorie les comportements humains par rapport à la nudité dans les différentes cultures à travers l'Histoire. La nudité fait partie intégrante de la vie quotidienne de nombreuses civilisations anciennes (Égypte Antique, Grèce Antique) ou contemporaines (les tribus d’Amérique du Sud et certains peuples Africains). Elle a été acceptée et tolérée dans la plupart des cultures pour la toilette, la baignade, les loisirs (notamment les activités sportives) et les pratiques religieuses (voir Skyclad). Si le port de vêtements est la norme dans la plupart des sociétés contemporaines, la nudité reste aujourd'hui acceptée dans le cercle familial, pour les loisirs (nudité temporaire dans un vestiaire ou sur une plage, entre autres) et dans les endroits réservés au naturisme, ou encore dans un contexte médical (examen, accouchement, , etc.). (fr)
- A história da nudez envolve atitudes sociais em relação à nudez em diferentes culturas da história. Não se sabe quando os seres humanos começaram a usar roupas, embora haja algumas evidências arqueológicas para indicar que a roupa pode ter se tornado comum na sociedade humana em torno de 72.000 anos atrás. Nudez (ou nudez quase completa) tem sido tradicionalmente a norma social para homens e mulheres em algumas culturas de caçadores-coletores em climas quentes e ainda é comum entre muitos povos indígenas. Antropólogos acreditam que as peles de animais e a vegetação foram adaptadas em coberturas como proteção contra o frio, o calor e a chuva, especialmente quando os humanos migraram para novos climas; alternativamente, a cobertura pode ter sido inventada primeiro para outros propósitos, como magia, decoração, culto ou prestígio, e mais tarde considerada prática também. No Egito antigo usava-se o mínimo de roupas e, em várias culturas antigas do Mediterrâneo, a nudez atlética e/ou cultista de homens e meninos era algo natural. Na Roma antiga, a nudez podia ser uma desgraça pública e considerada ofensiva ou desagradável mesmo em ambientes tradicionais, embora pudesse ser vista em banhos públicos ou na arte erótica. No Japão, a nudez pública era bastante normal e comum até a Restauração Meiji. Na Europa, os tabus contra a nudez começaram a crescer durante o Iluminismo, e já durante a era vitoriana a nudez pública era considerada obscena. Nos primeiros anos do século XX, o movimento moderno do naturismo começou a se desenvolver. (pt)
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- يفترض علماء الإناسة (انثروبولوجيا) منطقيا أن البشر يعيشون أصلا عراة، دون ملابس، كوضع طبيعي وأن تكييف جلود الحيوانات والنباتات إلى اغطية لحمايه اللابس من البرد والحرارة والمطر، وخصوصا أن البشر هاجروا إلى مناخات جديدة؛ كبديل، تغطيأن تكون الملابس قد اخترعت أولا لأغراض أخرى، مثل السحر، الديكور، والعبادة. وكان تعرى قدماء اليونانيين جزءا من عباداتهم («كما خلقني الإله»). وكانوا يقدمون جوائز الألعاب الأولمبية داخل معابد للفائزين وهم عرايا. (ar)
- The history of nudity involves social attitudes to nakedness of the human body in different cultures in history. The use of clothing to cover the body is one of the changes that mark the end of the Neolithic, and the beginning of civilizations. Nudity (or near-complete nudity) has traditionally been the social norm for both men and women in hunter-gatherer cultures in warm climates, and it is still common among many indigenous peoples. The need to cover the body is associated with human migration out of the tropics into climates where clothes were needed as protection from sun, heat, and dust in the Middle East; or from cold and rain in Europe and Asia. The first use of animal skins and cloth may have been as adornment, along with body modification, body painting, and jewelry, invented fir (en)
- L'histoire de la nudité répertorie les comportements humains par rapport à la nudité dans les différentes cultures à travers l'Histoire. La nudité fait partie intégrante de la vie quotidienne de nombreuses civilisations anciennes (Égypte Antique, Grèce Antique) ou contemporaines (les tribus d’Amérique du Sud et certains peuples Africains). Elle a été acceptée et tolérée dans la plupart des cultures pour la toilette, la baignade, les loisirs (notamment les activités sportives) et les pratiques religieuses (voir Skyclad). (fr)
- La storia della nudità si riferisce agli atteggiamenti sociali delle diverse culture storiche nei confronti della nudità. L'uso di vari tipi e capi d'abbigliamento nella vita quotidiana è un fatto che si verifica comunemente nella maggioranza delle società umane. Non si sa con precisione quando l'essere umano abbia iniziato ad indossare vestiti per coprire la propria nudità; l'antropologia crede che pelli d'animali assieme a foglie e rami intrecciati siano stati adattati in rivestimenti principalmente per proteggersi dal freddo, dal caldo e dalla pioggia, soprattutto a seguito delle migrazioni in regioni dai climi estremi. (it)
- A história da nudez envolve atitudes sociais em relação à nudez em diferentes culturas da história. Não se sabe quando os seres humanos começaram a usar roupas, embora haja algumas evidências arqueológicas para indicar que a roupa pode ter se tornado comum na sociedade humana em torno de 72.000 anos atrás. Nudez (ou nudez quase completa) tem sido tradicionalmente a norma social para homens e mulheres em algumas culturas de caçadores-coletores em climas quentes e ainda é comum entre muitos povos indígenas. Antropólogos acreditam que as peles de animais e a vegetação foram adaptadas em coberturas como proteção contra o frio, o calor e a chuva, especialmente quando os humanos migraram para novos climas; alternativamente, a cobertura pode ter sido inventada primeiro para outros propósitos, co (pt)
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