About: Yuezhi

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The Yuezhi (Chinese: 月氏; pinyin: Yuèzhī, Ròuzhī or Rùzhī; Wade–Giles: Yüeh4-chih1, Jou4-chih1 or Ju4-chih1;) were an ancient people first described in Chinese histories as nomadic pastoralists living in an arid grassland area in the western part of the modern Chinese province of Gansu, during the 1st millennium BC. After a major defeat at the hands of the Xiongnu in 176 BC, the Yuezhi split into two groups migrating in different directions: the Greater Yuezhi (Dà Yuèzhī 大月氏) and Lesser Yuezhi (Xiǎo Yuèzhī 小月氏). This would start a complex domino effect that would radiate in all directions and, in the process, set the course of history for much of Asia for centuries to come. The Greater Yuezhi initially migrated northwest into the Ili Valley (on the modern borders of China and Kazakhstan), w

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  • Jüe-č' neboli Jüe-č'ové bylo indoevropské etnikum, které původně obývalo oblasti dnešní severozápadní Číny. Někdy v 2. století př. n. l. začali migrovat směrem na severozápad a poté jižním směrem, až dosáhli oblasti Transoxanie, Baktrie a nakonec i severozápadních oblastí Indického subkontinentu. V 1. století Jüe-č'ové založili v oblastech střední Asie Kušánskou říši, která bezmála po dvě století ovládala celou oblast. (cs)
  • Die Yuezhi (chinesisch 月氏 oder seltener 月支, Pinyin Yuèzhī [y̆ɛ51 d̥ʐ̥ɻ5]; manchmal Yueshi, Rouzhi etc.; chin. auch Guishang, Guci sind ggf. als skythisch einzuordnen) waren eine indogermanische Stammesgruppe im Raum der heutigen chinesischen Provinz Gansu bis zum Tarimbecken. Dort lebten sie seit dem 5. Jahrhundert v. Chr. Es ist eine noch weiter zu belegende These, dass sie mit dem iranischen Stamm der Massageten identisch waren oder in anderer Form Teil der Massageten-Konföderation waren. Der Sprachforscher bringt sie außerdem mit den Guci bzw. später Kuchi aus Afghanistan in Verbindung. (de)
  • Οι Γιουέ-τσι ή Γιουετσί ή Ροουτσί (Αγγλικά: Yuezhi, Κινεζικά: 月氏, πινγίν: Yuèzhī, Wade–Giles: Yüeh4-chih1) ήταν αρχαίος λαός αναφερθείς για πρώτη φορά στα κινεζικά χρονικά ως νομάδες κτηνοτρόφοι που ζούσαν στην άνυδρη λιβαδοβριθή περιοχή του δυτικού τμήματος της σημερινής κινεζικής επαρχίας Γκανσού, κατά τη διάρκεια της 1ης π.Χ. χιλιετίας. Μετά από μια μεγάλη ήττα από τους Σιονγκ-νου τον 2ο αιώνα π.Χ., οι Γιουέ-τσι χωρίστηκαν σε δύο ομάδες: τους Μεγάλους Γιουέ-τσι (Dà Yuèzhī 大月氏, Τα Γιουέ-τσι), και τους Μικρούς Γιουέ-τσι (Xiǎo Yuèzhī 小月氏, Σιάο Γιουέ-τσι). Γιουέ στα κινεζικά σημαίνει "φεγγάρι", και Τσι "φυλή". Οι Μεγάλοι Γιουέ-τσι αρχικώς μετανάστευσαν βορειοδυτικά στην κοιλάδα του ποταμού Ιλί (στα σημερινά σύνορα Κίνας-Καζακστάν), όπου αναφέρεται ότι εκτόπισαν στοιχεία των Σακών. Από την κοιλάδα του ποταμού Ιλί εκδιώχθηκαν με τη σειρά τους από τους πρωτοτουρκικής καταγωγής Ου-σουν (Wusun) και μετανάστευσαν νότια στη Σογδιανή και αργότερα στη Βακτριανή, όπου νίκησαν και κατέλαβαν το Ελληνικό βασίλειο της Βακτριανής. Οι Μεγάλοι Γιουέ-τσι συχνά έχουν αναγνωριστεί ως οι κάτοικοι της Βακτριανής που αναφέρονται στις κλασικές ευρωπαϊκές πηγές με ονόματα όπως Τοχάριοι και , αν και η σύνδεση αυτή δεν συγκεντρώνει τις περισσότερες πιθανότητες. Κατά τη διάρκεια του 1ου αιώνα π.Χ., μία από τις πέντε κύριες φυλές των Μεγάλων Γιουέ-τσι στη Βακτριανή, οι Κοσσανοί (Κινεζικά: 貴霜, πινγίν: Γκουέισουάνγκ), άρχισε να υποτάσσει τις άλλες φυλές και τους όμορους λαούς. Το μεγαλύτερο τμήμα των Μικρών Γιουέ-τσι φαίνεται να μετανάστευσε νότια στην περιοχή του Θιβέτ. Παρόλα αυτά, κάποιοι αναφέρονται να έχουν εγκατασταθεί ανάμεσα στους Τσιανγκ (λαός πιθανής θιβετοβιρμανικής καταγωγής) της περιοχής Τσινγκχάι, και να έχουν πάρει μέρος στην Εξέγερση της Λιανγκτζόου (184-221 μ.Χ.). Άλλοι λέγεται ότι ίδρυσαν την πόλη-κράτος της Κουμούντα στο ανατολικό τμήμα της κοιλάδας Ταρίμ. Μια τέταρτη ομάδα των Μικρών Γιουέ-τσι ίσως αποτέλεσε τμήμα των Τσιε (μικρή φυλή άγνωστης καταγωγής) του Σαανσί (Shanxi), που ίδρυσαν τον 4ο αιώνα μ.Χ. το κράτος των Ύστερων Τσάο. Ενώ οι Γιουέ-τσι έχουν συχνά συσχετιστεί με στοιχεία χαμένων πολιτισμών στην κοιλάδα Ταρίμ, όπως οι μούμιες του Ταρίμ και οι αποκαλούμενες Τοχαρικές γλώσσες, οι αποδείξεις για μια τέτοια σύνδεση είναι καθαρά περιστασιακές. (el)
  • El término yuezhi (transcripción pinyin) o yüeh-chi (transcripción Wade-Giles) hace referencia a una tribu de etnia protoindoeuropea ​​ originalmente establecida en la zona de pastizales entre las modernas provincias chinas de Sinkiang y Gansu. En el siglo II a.C. los Yuezhi fueron derrotados por los Xiongnu y tuvieron que abandonar esta zona. Un pequeño grupo conocido como Yuezhi Menores se desplazaron hacia el sur, mientras que la mayoría emigró hacia el oeste hasta la zona del valle del río Ilí, desplazando a su vez a las tribus sakas (pueblos escitas) que estaban asentadas allí. Poco tiempo después los yuezhi se vieron forzados por los Wusun a emigrar de nuevo, hacia las zonas de Sogdiana y después hacia Bactriana, donde estas tribus fueron identificadas por las fuentes históricas clásicas como Tokharioi (Τοχάριοι) y Asioi. A partir de entonces los yuezhi llevan a cabo una expansión por el norte de la India actual, donde, tras unificarse las cinco ramas gobernantes en una sola, dieron lugar al Imperio Kushán. El Imperio Kushán llegó a abarcar en su máxima extensión desde Turfan en la cuenca del Tarim hasta Pataliputra en la llanura Indogangética, y jugó un papel importante en el desarrollo de la Ruta de la Seda y de la transmisión del budismo por esa ruta hasta la China Han. (es)
  • Les Yuezhi (du chinois : 月氏 ; pinyin : yuèzhī ; Wade : Yüeh-chih) étaient un ancien peuple, mentionné pour la première fois dans les chroniques chinoises, comme des pasteurs nomades vivant dans les prairies de la partie occidentale de la province chinoise moderne du Gansu au cours du 1er millénaire avant notre ère. Après une défaite majeure aux mains des Xiongnu en 176 av. J.-C., les Yuezhi se sont scindés en deux groupes migrant dans des directions différentes: les petits Yuezhi et les grands Yuezhi. Ces derniers forment l'empire Kouchan en Asie centrale. (fr)
  • Orang Yuezhi atau Rouzhi (Hanzi: 月氏; Pinyin: Yuèzhī; Wade–Giles: Yüeh4-chih1) adalah sekelompok masyarakat yang pertama kali disebutkan di dalam sejarah China sebagai peternak nomaden yang menghuni padang rumput gersang di wilayah barat China modern di sekitar Provinsi Gansu kini sebelum abad ke-2 SM. Setelah sebuah peristiwa kekalahan besar atas Xiongnu pada abad ke-2 SM, orang Yuezhi terpisah pada kelompok-kelompok yang bermigrasi keluar menuju berbagai wilayah lain. Yuezhi Kecil (Xiǎo Yuèzhī 小月氏) disebutkan bergerak ke selatan menuju Dataran Tinggi Tibet. Yuezhi Besar (Dà Yuèzhī 大月氏) bermigrasi ke arah barat laut menuju Sungai Ili (kini di daerah perbatasan China dan Kazakhstan) dan dilaporkan mengganti dominasi budaya Saka di sana. Dengan adanya Wusun, Yuezhi Besar kemudian berpindah dari wilayah Ili menuju ke selatan ke arah Sogdiana dan kemudian Baktria untuk menggeser kekuasaan Kerajaan Yunani-Baktria. Yuezhi Besar sering pula disamakan dengan Tókharioi (bahasa Yunani: Τοχάριοι, bahasa Sanskerta: Tukhāra) dan atau Asioi yang disebutkan di sumber-sumber Eropa era Klasik. Pada abad pertama SM, salah satu dari lima suku Yuezhi utama di Baktria yaitu (Hanzi: 貴霜; Pinyin: Guishuang) mulai menguasai suku dan bangsa lain. Mereka kemudian mendirikan Kekaisaran Kushan yang mengendalikan wilayah barat laut Anakbenua India selama beberapa abad, dengan kekuasaan yang membentang dari dari Turfan di wilayah Cekungan Tarim hingga ke wilayah Pataliputra di Dataran Sungai Gangga. Kushan memiliki peran penting di dalam perkembangan perdagangan Jalur Sutra serta . (in)
  • 月氏(げっし、拼音:Yuèzhī)は、紀元前3世紀から1世紀ごろにかけて東アジア・中央アジアに存在した遊牧民族とその国家名。紀元前2世紀に匈奴に敗れてからは中央アジアに移動し、大月氏と呼ばれるようになる。大月氏時代は東西交易で栄えた。『漢書』西域伝によれば羌に近い文化や言語を持つとあるが、民族系統については後述のように諸説ある。 (ja)
  • Gli Yuezhi (cinese: 月氏 o 月支S, YuèzhīP, "Stirpe della Luna") o Dà Yuèzhī (大月氏 o 大月支S, "Grande Stirpe della Luna") furono un'antica popolazione dell'Asia centrale. L'opinione dominante degli studiosi è che fossero Indoeuropei, e potrebbe trattarsi del popolo noto come Tocari (in greco: Τοχάριοι, Tokharioi) nelle fonti classiche, o di un popolo affine. Il loro impero nomade fu il più vasto del suo tempo, ricoprendo 5,7 milioni di kmq all’apice. Gli Yuezhi vivevano come pastori nomadi in un'area di prateria arida nella parte occidentale dell'odierna provincia cinese del Gansu, durante il I millennio a.C. Dopo una grave sconfitta per mano degli Xiongnu nel 176 a.C. , gli Yuezhi si divisero in due gruppi che migrarono in direzioni diverse: gli Yuezhi Maggiori (Dà Yuèzhī 大月氏) e gli Yuezhi Minori (Xiǎo Yuèzhī 小月氏). Questo diede il via ad un effetto domino che si irradiò in tutte le direzioni e che segnò il corso della storia dell'Asia centrale nei secoli seguenti. I Grandi Yuezhi inizialmente migrarono a nord-ovest nella Valle dell'Ili (ai confini moderni della Cina e del Kazakistan), da dove avrebbero scacciato parti dei Saci. Scacciati dalla Valle dell'Ili dai Wusun, migrarono a sud verso la Sogdiana e in seguito si stabilirono in Battriana. Di conseguenza, i Grandi Yuezhi sono stati spesso identificati con i popoli citati nelle fonti europee classiche come invasori del Regno greco-battriano, come i Tókharioi (greco Τοχάριοι; sanscrito Tukhāra) e gli Asii (o Asioi). Nel 138 a.C. l'imperatore Wudi della dinastia Han (conosciuto anche come Liu Che, regno 141-87 a.C.), sotto il niánhào di Jian Yuan, inviò un funzionario di nome Zhang Qian con cento uomini alla ricerca del popolo degli Yuezhi al fine di stipulare un'alleanza militare contro gli Xiongnu. Dopo un peregrinare alla loro ricerca durato dodici anni, di cui molti trascorsi come prigioniero degli Xiongnu, Zhang Qian raggiunse il popolo indoeuropeo il quale tuttavia si rifiutò di tornare nei territori di origine. Nel corso del I secolo a.C., una delle cinque principali tribù dei Grandi Yuezhi in Battriana, i Kushana (cinese: 貴霜; pinyin: Guìshuāng), iniziò a sottomettere le tribù e i popoli vicini. Il successivo impero Kushan, al suo apice nel III secolo d.C., si estendeva da Turfan, nel bacino del Tarim, a nord, fino a Pataliputra, nella pianura gangetica dell'India, a sud. I Kushana svolsero un ruolo importante nello sviluppo del commercio sulla Via della Seta e nell'introduzione del buddismo in Cina. Gli Yuezhi minori migrarono verso sud, ai margini dell'altopiano tibetano. Si dice che alcuni si siano stabiliti tra i Qiang nel Qinghai e che siano stati coinvolti nella ribellione della provincia di Liang (184-221 d.C.) contro la dinastia Han orientale. Un altro gruppo di Yuezhi avrebbe fondato la città-stato di Cumuḍa (oggi nota come Kumul) nel Tarim orientale. Un quarto gruppo di Yuezhi minori potrebbe essere entrato a far parte del popolo Jie dello Shanxi, che fondò lo Stato Zhao più tardo del IV secolo d.C. (anche se ciò rimane controverso). Molti studiosi ritengono che gli Yuezhi fossero un popolo indoeuropeo. Sebbene alcuni studiosi li abbiano associati a manufatti di culture estinte nel bacino del Tarim, come le mummie del Tarim e i testi che registrano le lingue tocariane, le prove di un tale legame sono puramente circostanziali. Tra i re di questa popolazione uno dei più antichi tra quelli ricordati è Agesiles. (it)
  • The Yuezhi (Chinese: 月氏; pinyin: Yuèzhī, Ròuzhī or Rùzhī; Wade–Giles: Yüeh4-chih1, Jou4-chih1 or Ju4-chih1;) were an ancient people first described in Chinese histories as nomadic pastoralists living in an arid grassland area in the western part of the modern Chinese province of Gansu, during the 1st millennium BC. After a major defeat at the hands of the Xiongnu in 176 BC, the Yuezhi split into two groups migrating in different directions: the Greater Yuezhi (Dà Yuèzhī 大月氏) and Lesser Yuezhi (Xiǎo Yuèzhī 小月氏). This would start a complex domino effect that would radiate in all directions and, in the process, set the course of history for much of Asia for centuries to come. The Greater Yuezhi initially migrated northwest into the Ili Valley (on the modern borders of China and Kazakhstan), where they reportedly displaced elements of the Sakas. They were driven from the Ili Valley by the Wusun and migrated southward to Sogdia and later settled in Bactria. The Greater Yuezhi have consequently often been identified with peoples mentioned in classical European sources as having overrun the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, like the Tókharioi (Greek Τοχάριοι; Sanskrit Tukhāra) and Asii (or Asioi). During the 1st century BC, one of the five major Greater Yuezhi tribes in Bactria, the Kushanas (Chinese: 貴霜; pinyin: Guìshuāng), began to subsume the other tribes and neighbouring peoples. The subsequent Kushan Empire, at its peak in the 3rd century AD, stretched from Turfan in the Tarim Basin in the north to Pataliputra on the Gangetic plain of India in the south. The Kushanas played an important role in the development of trade on the Silk Road and the introduction of Buddhism to China. The Lesser Yuezhi migrated southward to the edge of the Tibetan Plateau. Some are reported to have settled among the Qiang people in Qinghai, and to have been involved in the Liang Province Rebellion (184–221 AD) against the Eastern Han dynasty. Another group of Yuezhi is said to have founded the city state of Cumuḍa (now known as Kumul and Hami) in the eastern Tarim. A fourth group of Lesser Yuezhi may have become part of the Jie people of Shanxi, who established the Later Zhao state of the 4th century AD (although this remains controversial). Many scholars believe that the Yuezhi were an Indo-European people.Although some scholars have associated them with artifacts of extinct cultures in the Tarim Basin, such as the Tarim mummies and texts recording the Tocharian languages, the evidence for any such link is purely circumstantial. (en)
  • ( 이 문서는 고대 중앙 아시아의 국가에 관한 것입니다. 경주에 위치한 연못에 대해서는 동궁과 월지 문서를 참고하십시오.) 월지(月支) 또는 대월지(大月支)는 기원전 3세기 중반 경 ~ 기원전 1세기 중반 경 중앙아시아와 북아시아에 존재하던 유목 민족이자 그들이 세운 국가를 부르는 말이다. 많은 학자들은 월지가 인도유럽민족이라고 믿고 있다. 일부 학자들은 월지를 타림 분지에서 멸종된 문화의 유물, 예를 들어 타림 미라 및 토카리아 언어를 기록한 문헌과 연관지었지만, 그러한 연결에 대한 증거는 순전히 우연이다. (ko)
  • De Yuezhi waren een Indo-Europees nomadenvolk uit Centraal-Azië dat bekend is uit Chinese historische bronnen. De vestiging van de Yuezhi in Bactrië, de stichting van het Kushanarijk, en zelfs de eerste Kushana-keizers worden in de Chinese bronnen beschreven, maar daarin worden ze 'Yuezhi' of 'Zhi' genoemd. De oudste vermelding van de naam Yuezhi (ook varianten als 'Niuzhi' of 'Wuzhi' komen voor) in Chinese bronnen is in 645 v.Chr. door Guan Zhong, die ze noemt in de context van de handel in jade. Onderzoek van de jade uit het graf van prins van de Shangdynastie wees uit dat dit allemaal uit de omgeving van Khotan in het Tarimbekken afkomstig was. De Yuezhi verhandelden daarnaast paarden aan de Chinezen, in ruil voor zijde. Sima Qian meldt dat de Yuezhi in het gebied tussen Dunhuang en Qilian woonden (Mair. Dunhuang is een variatie op de naam Tuhara. Dunhuang kan niet het huidige Dunhuang in Gansu zijn, omdat dit op dat moment nog niet bestond. Lin plaatst de oorspronkelijke woonplaats van de Yuezhi niet in de woestijn langs de Zijderoute, maar in de steppes ten noorden van de Tianshan, in de buurt van de Dunhong Shan. Lin meent bovendien dat Qilian op de Tianshan slaat. Sima Quan noemt een leider Lou van de Wuzhi, die een fortuin vergaarde in de paarden-voor-zijdehandel met Qin-China. De keizer (Qin Shihuangdi, de eerste keizer) gaf deze Lou een hoge status: Lou had net als ministers recht op audiënties met de keizer. De Yuezhi migreerden in de 1e eeuw v.Chr. naar het westen als gevolg van een conflict met de Xiongnu. Keizer Wudi van de Han-dynastie stuurde Zhang Qian als afgezant naar de Yuezhi om met hen een bondgenootschap te sluiten tegen de Xiongnu. De Yuezhi hadden hier echter geen interesse meer in. Zhang Qian vond de Yuezhi pas in 129 v.Chr. terug, na 11 jaar omzwervingen. Hij meldt dat de Yuezhi zich in een gebied met de naam Daxia gevestigd hadden, waarschijnlijk het Hellenistische Bactria. Ze heersten over dit gebied vanuit een stad aan de Oxus. De stad aan de Oxus werd rond 145 v.Chr. veroverd. Lyonnet oppert dat de veroveraars de Yuezhi (Tocharen) waren, gebaseerd op archeologisch bewijs in het gebied. Met Zhang Qians reisverslag in gedachten lijkt het waarschijnlijker dat de Yuezhi rond 130 v.Chr. hun eerdere woonplaats langs de Ily en Chu verlieten. Ai-Khanoum kan door verwante groepen of stammen zijn veroverd, die eerder westwaarts trokken. De Yuezhi bleven in contact staan met China. Dit contact kan hun latere rol als handelaren langs de Zijderoute verklaren. Immigranten, handelaren en priesters van de Yuezhi die zich in China (of het westelijke buitengebied) vestigden droegen de achternaam Zhi. Zelfs in de 3e eeuw n.Chr. werden nog paspoorten met deze achternaam door de Chinese autoriteiten aan Tocharen of Kushana's uitgegeven. In Bactrië werden de Yuezhi heersers over groepen die een lange traditie van sedentaire landbouw en literatuur hadden. Hun nieuwe onderdanen waren een mengeling van sprekers van Grieks, Scythische of Saka-dialecten, en inheemse talen, van voor de Griekse invasie onder Alexander. Om deze groepen te kunnen besturen dienden ze hun levensstijl en taal sterk aan te passen. Hoewel de belangrijkste stammen van de Yuezhi zich in Bactrië vestigden, bleven andere leden van de groep achter. Degenen die in hun oorspronkelijke thuisland achterbleven noemden zichzelf kleine Yuezhi. Nadat ze zich in Bactrië vestigden, handelden de Yuezhi waarschijnlijk niet langer meer voornamelijk in paarden. Allerlei nieuwe handelswaren waren nu beschikbaar en stelden de Yuezhi in staat zich binnen korte tijd te verrijken. (nl)
  • Yuezhi – lud koczowniczy pochodzenia indoeuropejskiego, który ok. 130 p.n.e. zajął Baktrię i założył w niej państwo, przekształcone następnie w Królestwo Kuszanów. (pl)
  • Юэчжи (кит. 月氏, 月支), асии (у греков) — иранский народ в Центральной Азии (с 1-го тысячелетия до н. э.), говоривший на восточноиранских диалектах северной подгруппы. Также их называют иногда восточными сарматами из-за большого сходства культур. Исходно они занимали пастбища в бассейне Таримской котловины, включая современные Синьцзян-Уйгурский автономный район, Ганьсу и, возможно, Цилянь в Китае. Во II веке до н. э. часть их (кушаны, эфталиты и др.) перекочевала в Среднеазиатское междуречье Бактрию, а потом в северную Индию, где они основали Кушанскую империю. Юэчжи — восточно-иранский народ, язык юэчжи был родственен языкам других иранских народов; соответственно, юэчжи не являются потомками таримцев. Иранские народы, близкие к юэчжам, в древнегреческих источниках известны под именем тохаров, которое было ошибочно соотнесено с таримскими мумиями. Существует предположение, что первый иероглиф в китайском слове «юэчжи» был не луной 月 (юэ), а мясом 肉 (жоу), тогда название «жоучжи» приобретает смысл «едящие мясо». (ru)
  • Iuechis (em chinês: 月氏; romaniz.: Yuèzhī (pinyin) ou Yüeh4-chih1 (Wade–Giles)) foram um antigo povo descrito pela primeira vez nas histórias chinesas como pastores nômades que viviam extensa área de pastagem árida na parte ocidental da atual província de Gansu, durante o I milênio a.C.. Após uma grande derrota para os Xiongnu em 176 a.C., se dividiram em dois grupos migrando em direções diferentes: os grandes (大月氏 Dà Yuèzhī) e pequenos iuechis (小 月氏, Xiǎo Yuèzhī). Os grandes inicialmente migraram para o noroeste no vale do Ili (nas fronteiras modernas da China e do Cazaquistão), onde supostamente deslocaram populações sacas. Foram expulsos do Ili pelos usuns e migraram para o sul para Soguediana e mais tarde se estabeleceram em Báctria. Consequentemente, foram frequentemente identificados com povos descritos em fontes clássicas europeias como tendo invadido o Reino Greco-Báctrio, os tocários (em sânscrito: तुखार; romaniz.: Tukhāra; em grego clássico: Τοχάριοι; romaniz.: Tokhárioi) e (em latim: asii; em grego clássico: asioi). Durante o século I a.C., uma das cinco principais tribos maiores em Báctria, os cuchanas (em chinês: 貴霜; romaniz.: Guìshuāng (pinyin)) começou a agregar as outras tribos e povos vizinhos. O subsequente Império Cuchana, em seu auge no século III, estendeu-se de Turfã na bacia do Tarim, no norte, até Pataliputra, na planície Indo-Gangética da Índia, no sul. Os cuchanas desempenharam papel importante no desenvolvimento do comércio na Rota da Seda e na do Budismo na China. Os iuechis menores migraram para o sul até a borda do Planalto Tibetano. Alguns teriam se estabelecido entre os em Chingai e se envolveram na (184–221). Outros teriam fundado a cidade estado de , no Tarim Oriental. Um quarto grupo pode ter se tornado parte dos de Xanxim, que criou Chao Posterior no século IV (apesar disso ser controverso). Muitos estudiosos acreditam que os iuechis eram um povo indo-europeu. Embora alguns estudiosos os tenham ligado a artefatos de culturas extintas na bacia do Tarim, como as e textos que registram as línguas tocarianas, a evidência para tal ligação é puramente circunstancial. (pt)
  • Юе́чжи (кит.: 月氏; піньїнь: Yuèzhī) — китайська назва іранського кочового етносу, що кочував на теренах Центральної і Східної Азії щонайменше протягом IV ст. до н. е. — II ст. н. е. та під тиском хунну та усунь мігрував до Бактрії, де у другій половині I ст. представники одного з племен цього об'єднання започаткували Кушанське царство. (uk)
  • 月氏(zhī)(上古漢語擬音(郑张尚芳):/*ŋod *kje/。又譯禺氏(yúzhī)、禺知、月支、苑支)為前7世紀至公元1世紀一個民族名稱。始见于先秦史籍,早期以游牧為生,从事玉器贸易,住在今中国的甘肃西部和新疆东部一带的干草原地区,常與匈奴發生衝突,後來于公元前172年被匈奴攻擊,一分為二:西遷至伊犁的,被稱為大月氏;居留於中國甘肅及青海的祁连山西北麓一帶的,被稱為小月氏。這時,月氏開始發展,慢慢具有國家的雛型。由大月氏西迁开始引发的复杂,在接下来几个世纪中不断向周围辐射,并对亚洲大部分地区的历史产生影响。大月氏取代了原先的塞种土著,后来被乌孙人赶出伊犁河谷,向南辗转经过粟特,在巴克特里亚定居。因此大月氏常被识别为欧洲古典文献中提及的曾攻克希腊-巴克特里亚王国的民族,如Tókharioi(希腊语Τοχάριοι;梵语Tukhāra)和Asii/Asioi。大月氏位處絲綢之路,控制著東西貿易,慢慢變得強大。在公元前1世纪,巴克特里亚最强大的5支大月氏部落之一——贵霜开始征服临近的部落与民族。贵霜帝国在3世纪最为繁盛,其领土北起塔里木盆地吐鲁番,南至印度恒河平原巴连弗邑。贵霜在丝绸之路贸易及的发展中扮演重要角色。 小月氏后来迁徙到青藏高原边缘,一部分人定居在青海并被同化为古羌人,且参与了反抗东汉统治的凉州之乱(184–221 AD)。另一支小月氏据说在塔里木盆地东部的昆吾(今哈密)建立了城邦。第四支小月氏可能成为了山西地区羯人的一部分,并参与了319年后赵的建立(有争议)。 许多学者认为,月氏人是印欧语系民族。虽然部分学者将他们与塔里木盆地已灭绝文化的文物,如、记录吐火罗语族语言的文本等相联系起来,但任何这种联系的证据都仍是间接的。 (zh)
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  • 月氏 (en)
  • 貴霜 (en)
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  • Central Asia in the 1st century BC, and transitory location of the "Great Yuezhi". (en)
  • Yuezhi anonymous of a coin of Greco-Bactrian king Heliocles, with original horse on the reverse (en)
  • Yuezhi armoured horseman, Noin-Ula. (en)
  • Yuezhi nobleman over firealtar, Noin-Ula. (en)
  • Yuezhi ruler Arseiles. Late 1st century BCE (en)
  • Yuezhi ruler Sapadbizes. Late 1st century BCE (en)
  • Yuezhi anonymous copy of a coin of Greco-Bactrian king Heliocles (en)
  • Territory of the Xiongnu in the 2nd century BC, and original location of the Yuezhi in Gansu. (en)
  • Yuezhi fighting a Sogdian behind a shield , Noin-Ula. (en)
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  • The Wusun attack the Great Yuezhi, forcing them southward from the Ili valley. (en)
  • The Xiongnu are defeated by the Qin dynasty and retreat northwards into the Mongolian Plateau. (en)
  • The Great Yuezhi migrate west, then south and settle in north-west Bactria. (en)
  • The Xiongnu inflict a major defeat on the Yuezhi. (en)
  • The Yuezhi defeat the Wusun. (en)
  • The majority of the Yuezhi begin migrating west to the Ili valley; this faction is known later as the "Great Yuezhi". Most of the other faction, known as the "Lesser Yuezhi", settle on the Tibetan plateau and in the Tarim basin. (en)
  • One of five tribes comprising the Great Yuezhi tribes, the Kushana, become dominant and form the basis of the Kushan Empire. (en)
  • A Chinese envoy named Zhang Qian reaches the Great Yuezhi. (en)
  • The Yuezhi are powerful near Dunhuang, near the western end of the Hexi corridor, and control the jade trade from the Tarim basin. Somewhere west are the Wusun, and further east near the Ordos plateau are the Xiongnu or their precursors. (en)
  • The Xiongnu begin a campaign of raids against the Yuezhi. (en)
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  • Yuezhi Prince from Khalchayan. At his feet, a lamellar armour with neck-guard. 1st century CE. He displays artificial cranial deformation. (en)
  • Probable Yuezhi soldier in red jacket and trousers, in the Sampul tapestry. Embroidered in Hellenistic style, with motif of a centaur, 1st century AD, Sampul, Ürümqi Xinjiang Region Museum. (en)
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  • Yuezhi (en)
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  • Sampul tapestry (en)
  • Early Yuezhis coinage (en)
  • Yuezhis in Bactria, on Noin-Ula carpets (en)
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  • UrumqiWarrior.jpg (en)
  • Kalchayan Prince 2.jpg (en)
  • Coin of Sapadbizes.jpg (en)
  • Kalchayan Prince warrior .jpg (en)
  • Noin-Ula horseman.jpg (en)
  • Noin-Ula nobleman over firealtar.jpg (en)
  • Sampul tapestry .jpg (en)
  • YUEZHI. Arseiles. Late 1st century BCE.jpg (en)
  • Yuezhi copy of Heliocles I coin with horse.jpg (en)
  • Yuezhi copy of Heliocles I coin.jpg (en)
  • Noin-Ula carpet, Yuezhi fighting a SogdianNoin-Ula carpet, Yuezhi fighting a Sogdian.jpg (en)
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  • Bactrian (en)
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  • Guìshuāng (en)
  • Yuèzhī, Ròuzhī or Rùzhī (en)
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  • Some 100,000 to 200,000 horse archers, according to the Shiji, Chapter 123. The Hanshu Chapter 96A records: 100,000 households, 400,000 people with 100,000 able to bear arms. (en)
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  • Book of the Later Han, trans. John Hill (en)
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  • the Great Yuezhi live 2,000 or 3,000 li [832–1,247 kilometers] west of Dayuan, north of the Gui [[[Oxus]] ] river. They are bordered on the south by Daxia [[[Bactria]]], on the west by Anxi [[[Parthia]]], and on the north by Kangju [beyond the middle Jaxartes/Syr Darya]. They are a nation of nomads, moving from place to place with their herds, and their customs are like those of the Xiongnu. They have some 100,000 or 200,000 archer warriors. (en)
  • All, or the greatest part of them, are nomads. The best known tribes are those who deprived the Greeks of Bactriana: the Asii, Pasiani, Tochari, and Sacarauli, who came from the country on the other side of the Jaxartes [Syr Darya], opposite the Sacae and Sogdiani. (en)
  • Daxia is located over 2,000 li southwest of Dayuan, south of the Gui river. Its people cultivate the land and have cities and houses. Their customs are like those of Ta-Yuan. It has no great ruler but only a number of petty chiefs ruling the various cities. The people are poor in the use of arms and afraid of battle, but they are clever at commerce. After the Great Yuezhi moved west and attacked the lands, the entire country came under their sway. The population of the country is large, numbering some 1,000,000 or more persons. The capital is called the city of Lanshi and has a market where all sorts of goods are bought and sold. (en)
  • Although the states from Dayuan west to Anxi , speak rather different languages, their customs are generally similar and their languages mutually intelligible. The men have deep-set eyes and profuse beards and whiskers. They are skilful at commerce and will haggle over a fraction of a cent. Women are held in great respect, and the men make decisions on the advice of their women. (en)
  • More than a hundred years later, the xihou of Guishuang, named Qiujiu Que attacked and exterminated the four other xihou. He set himself up as king of a kingdom called Guishuang . He invaded Anxi and took the Gaofu region. He also defeated the whole of the kingdoms of Puda and Jibin . Qiujiu Que was more than eighty years old when he died. His son, Yan Gaozhen , became king in his place. He returned and defeated Tianzhu and installed a General to supervise and lead it. The Yuezhi then became extremely rich. All the kingdoms call [their king] the Guishuang king, but the Han call them by their original name, Da Yuezhi. (en)
  • The Great Yuezhi are located about seven thousand li [2,910 km] north of India. Their land is at a high altitude; the climate is dry; the region is remote. The king of the state calls himself "son of heaven". There are so many riding horses in that country that the number often reaches several hundred thousand. City layouts and palaces are quite similar to those of Daqin [the Roman Empire]. The skin of the people there is reddish white. People are skilful at horse archery. Local products, rarities, treasures, clothing, and upholstery are very good, and even India cannot compare with it. (en)
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  • Shiji (en)
  • Timeline of the Yuezhi (en)
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  • Yüeh4-chih1, Jou4-chih1 or Ju4-chih1 (en)
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  • Jüe-č' neboli Jüe-č'ové bylo indoevropské etnikum, které původně obývalo oblasti dnešní severozápadní Číny. Někdy v 2. století př. n. l. začali migrovat směrem na severozápad a poté jižním směrem, až dosáhli oblasti Transoxanie, Baktrie a nakonec i severozápadních oblastí Indického subkontinentu. V 1. století Jüe-č'ové založili v oblastech střední Asie Kušánskou říši, která bezmála po dvě století ovládala celou oblast. (cs)
  • Die Yuezhi (chinesisch 月氏 oder seltener 月支, Pinyin Yuèzhī [y̆ɛ51 d̥ʐ̥ɻ5]; manchmal Yueshi, Rouzhi etc.; chin. auch Guishang, Guci sind ggf. als skythisch einzuordnen) waren eine indogermanische Stammesgruppe im Raum der heutigen chinesischen Provinz Gansu bis zum Tarimbecken. Dort lebten sie seit dem 5. Jahrhundert v. Chr. Es ist eine noch weiter zu belegende These, dass sie mit dem iranischen Stamm der Massageten identisch waren oder in anderer Form Teil der Massageten-Konföderation waren. Der Sprachforscher bringt sie außerdem mit den Guci bzw. später Kuchi aus Afghanistan in Verbindung. (de)
  • Les Yuezhi (du chinois : 月氏 ; pinyin : yuèzhī ; Wade : Yüeh-chih) étaient un ancien peuple, mentionné pour la première fois dans les chroniques chinoises, comme des pasteurs nomades vivant dans les prairies de la partie occidentale de la province chinoise moderne du Gansu au cours du 1er millénaire avant notre ère. Après une défaite majeure aux mains des Xiongnu en 176 av. J.-C., les Yuezhi se sont scindés en deux groupes migrant dans des directions différentes: les petits Yuezhi et les grands Yuezhi. Ces derniers forment l'empire Kouchan en Asie centrale. (fr)
  • 月氏(げっし、拼音:Yuèzhī)は、紀元前3世紀から1世紀ごろにかけて東アジア・中央アジアに存在した遊牧民族とその国家名。紀元前2世紀に匈奴に敗れてからは中央アジアに移動し、大月氏と呼ばれるようになる。大月氏時代は東西交易で栄えた。『漢書』西域伝によれば羌に近い文化や言語を持つとあるが、民族系統については後述のように諸説ある。 (ja)
  • ( 이 문서는 고대 중앙 아시아의 국가에 관한 것입니다. 경주에 위치한 연못에 대해서는 동궁과 월지 문서를 참고하십시오.) 월지(月支) 또는 대월지(大月支)는 기원전 3세기 중반 경 ~ 기원전 1세기 중반 경 중앙아시아와 북아시아에 존재하던 유목 민족이자 그들이 세운 국가를 부르는 말이다. 많은 학자들은 월지가 인도유럽민족이라고 믿고 있다. 일부 학자들은 월지를 타림 분지에서 멸종된 문화의 유물, 예를 들어 타림 미라 및 토카리아 언어를 기록한 문헌과 연관지었지만, 그러한 연결에 대한 증거는 순전히 우연이다. (ko)
  • Yuezhi – lud koczowniczy pochodzenia indoeuropejskiego, który ok. 130 p.n.e. zajął Baktrię i założył w niej państwo, przekształcone następnie w Królestwo Kuszanów. (pl)
  • Юе́чжи (кит.: 月氏; піньїнь: Yuèzhī) — китайська назва іранського кочового етносу, що кочував на теренах Центральної і Східної Азії щонайменше протягом IV ст. до н. е. — II ст. н. е. та під тиском хунну та усунь мігрував до Бактрії, де у другій половині I ст. представники одного з племен цього об'єднання започаткували Кушанське царство. (uk)
  • Οι Γιουέ-τσι ή Γιουετσί ή Ροουτσί (Αγγλικά: Yuezhi, Κινεζικά: 月氏, πινγίν: Yuèzhī, Wade–Giles: Yüeh4-chih1) ήταν αρχαίος λαός αναφερθείς για πρώτη φορά στα κινεζικά χρονικά ως νομάδες κτηνοτρόφοι που ζούσαν στην άνυδρη λιβαδοβριθή περιοχή του δυτικού τμήματος της σημερινής κινεζικής επαρχίας Γκανσού, κατά τη διάρκεια της 1ης π.Χ. χιλιετίας. Μετά από μια μεγάλη ήττα από τους Σιονγκ-νου τον 2ο αιώνα π.Χ., οι Γιουέ-τσι χωρίστηκαν σε δύο ομάδες: τους Μεγάλους Γιουέ-τσι (Dà Yuèzhī 大月氏, Τα Γιουέ-τσι), και τους Μικρούς Γιουέ-τσι (Xiǎo Yuèzhī 小月氏, Σιάο Γιουέ-τσι). Γιουέ στα κινεζικά σημαίνει "φεγγάρι", και Τσι "φυλή". (el)
  • El término yuezhi (transcripción pinyin) o yüeh-chi (transcripción Wade-Giles) hace referencia a una tribu de etnia protoindoeuropea ​​ originalmente establecida en la zona de pastizales entre las modernas provincias chinas de Sinkiang y Gansu. En el siglo II a.C. los Yuezhi fueron derrotados por los Xiongnu y tuvieron que abandonar esta zona. Un pequeño grupo conocido como Yuezhi Menores se desplazaron hacia el sur, mientras que la mayoría emigró hacia el oeste hasta la zona del valle del río Ilí, desplazando a su vez a las tribus sakas (pueblos escitas) que estaban asentadas allí. Poco tiempo después los yuezhi se vieron forzados por los Wusun a emigrar de nuevo, hacia las zonas de Sogdiana y después hacia Bactriana, donde estas tribus fueron identificadas por las fuentes históricas clás (es)
  • Orang Yuezhi atau Rouzhi (Hanzi: 月氏; Pinyin: Yuèzhī; Wade–Giles: Yüeh4-chih1) adalah sekelompok masyarakat yang pertama kali disebutkan di dalam sejarah China sebagai peternak nomaden yang menghuni padang rumput gersang di wilayah barat China modern di sekitar Provinsi Gansu kini sebelum abad ke-2 SM. (in)
  • The Yuezhi (Chinese: 月氏; pinyin: Yuèzhī, Ròuzhī or Rùzhī; Wade–Giles: Yüeh4-chih1, Jou4-chih1 or Ju4-chih1;) were an ancient people first described in Chinese histories as nomadic pastoralists living in an arid grassland area in the western part of the modern Chinese province of Gansu, during the 1st millennium BC. After a major defeat at the hands of the Xiongnu in 176 BC, the Yuezhi split into two groups migrating in different directions: the Greater Yuezhi (Dà Yuèzhī 大月氏) and Lesser Yuezhi (Xiǎo Yuèzhī 小月氏). This would start a complex domino effect that would radiate in all directions and, in the process, set the course of history for much of Asia for centuries to come. The Greater Yuezhi initially migrated northwest into the Ili Valley (on the modern borders of China and Kazakhstan), w (en)
  • Gli Yuezhi (cinese: 月氏 o 月支S, YuèzhīP, "Stirpe della Luna") o Dà Yuèzhī (大月氏 o 大月支S, "Grande Stirpe della Luna") furono un'antica popolazione dell'Asia centrale. L'opinione dominante degli studiosi è che fossero Indoeuropei, e potrebbe trattarsi del popolo noto come Tocari (in greco: Τοχάριοι, Tokharioi) nelle fonti classiche, o di un popolo affine. Il loro impero nomade fu il più vasto del suo tempo, ricoprendo 5,7 milioni di kmq all’apice. Tra i re di questa popolazione uno dei più antichi tra quelli ricordati è Agesiles. (it)
  • Iuechis (em chinês: 月氏; romaniz.: Yuèzhī (pinyin) ou Yüeh4-chih1 (Wade–Giles)) foram um antigo povo descrito pela primeira vez nas histórias chinesas como pastores nômades que viviam extensa área de pastagem árida na parte ocidental da atual província de Gansu, durante o I milênio a.C.. Após uma grande derrota para os Xiongnu em 176 a.C., se dividiram em dois grupos migrando em direções diferentes: os grandes (大月氏 Dà Yuèzhī) e pequenos iuechis (小 月氏, Xiǎo Yuèzhī). (pt)
  • De Yuezhi waren een Indo-Europees nomadenvolk uit Centraal-Azië dat bekend is uit Chinese historische bronnen. De vestiging van de Yuezhi in Bactrië, de stichting van het Kushanarijk, en zelfs de eerste Kushana-keizers worden in de Chinese bronnen beschreven, maar daarin worden ze 'Yuezhi' of 'Zhi' genoemd. De oudste vermelding van de naam Yuezhi (ook varianten als 'Niuzhi' of 'Wuzhi' komen voor) in Chinese bronnen is in 645 v.Chr. door Guan Zhong, die ze noemt in de context van de handel in jade. Onderzoek van de jade uit het graf van prins van de Shangdynastie wees uit dat dit allemaal uit de omgeving van Khotan in het Tarimbekken afkomstig was. De Yuezhi verhandelden daarnaast paarden aan de Chinezen, in ruil voor zijde. (nl)
  • Юэчжи (кит. 月氏, 月支), асии (у греков) — иранский народ в Центральной Азии (с 1-го тысячелетия до н. э.), говоривший на восточноиранских диалектах северной подгруппы. Также их называют иногда восточными сарматами из-за большого сходства культур. Исходно они занимали пастбища в бассейне Таримской котловины, включая современные Синьцзян-Уйгурский автономный район, Ганьсу и, возможно, Цилянь в Китае. Во II веке до н. э. часть их (кушаны, эфталиты и др.) перекочевала в Среднеазиатское междуречье Бактрию, а потом в северную Индию, где они основали Кушанскую империю. Юэчжи — восточно-иранский народ, язык юэчжи был родственен языкам других иранских народов; соответственно, юэчжи не являются потомками таримцев. (ru)
  • 月氏(zhī)(上古漢語擬音(郑张尚芳):/*ŋod *kje/。又譯禺氏(yúzhī)、禺知、月支、苑支)為前7世紀至公元1世紀一個民族名稱。始见于先秦史籍,早期以游牧為生,从事玉器贸易,住在今中国的甘肃西部和新疆东部一带的干草原地区,常與匈奴發生衝突,後來于公元前172年被匈奴攻擊,一分為二:西遷至伊犁的,被稱為大月氏;居留於中國甘肅及青海的祁连山西北麓一帶的,被稱為小月氏。這時,月氏開始發展,慢慢具有國家的雛型。由大月氏西迁开始引发的复杂,在接下来几个世纪中不断向周围辐射,并对亚洲大部分地区的历史产生影响。大月氏取代了原先的塞种土著,后来被乌孙人赶出伊犁河谷,向南辗转经过粟特,在巴克特里亚定居。因此大月氏常被识别为欧洲古典文献中提及的曾攻克希腊-巴克特里亚王国的民族,如Tókharioi(希腊语Τοχάριοι;梵语Tukhāra)和Asii/Asioi。大月氏位處絲綢之路,控制著東西貿易,慢慢變得強大。在公元前1世纪,巴克特里亚最强大的5支大月氏部落之一——贵霜开始征服临近的部落与民族。贵霜帝国在3世纪最为繁盛,其领土北起塔里木盆地吐鲁番,南至印度恒河平原巴连弗邑。贵霜在丝绸之路贸易及的发展中扮演重要角色。 许多学者认为,月氏人是印欧语系民族。虽然部分学者将他们与塔里木盆地已灭绝文化的文物,如、记录吐火罗语族语言的文本等相联系起来,但任何这种联系的证据都仍是间接的。 (zh)
rdfs:label
  • Yuezhi (en)
  • Jüe-č’ (cs)
  • Yuezhi (de)
  • Γιουετσί (el)
  • Yuezhi (es)
  • Yuezhi (fr)
  • Yuezhi (in)
  • Yuezhi (it)
  • 월지 (ko)
  • 月氏 (ja)
  • Yuezhi (nl)
  • Yuezhi (pl)
  • Iuechis (pt)
  • Юэчжи (ru)
  • Юечжи (uk)
  • 月氏 (zh)
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