About: History of lute-family instruments

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Lutes are stringed musical instruments that include a body and "a neck which serves both as a handle and as a means of stretching the strings beyond the body". The lute family includes not only short-necked plucked lutes such as the lute, oud, pipa, guitar, citole, gittern, mandore, rubab, and gambus and long-necked plucked lutes such as banjo, tanbura, bağlama, bouzouki, veena, theorbo, archlute, pandura, sitar, tanbur, setar, but also bowed instruments such as the yaylı tambur, rebab, erhu, and the entire family of viols and violins.

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  • Lutes are stringed musical instruments that include a body and "a neck which serves both as a handle and as a means of stretching the strings beyond the body". The lute family includes not only short-necked plucked lutes such as the lute, oud, pipa, guitar, citole, gittern, mandore, rubab, and gambus and long-necked plucked lutes such as banjo, tanbura, bağlama, bouzouki, veena, theorbo, archlute, pandura, sitar, tanbur, setar, but also bowed instruments such as the yaylı tambur, rebab, erhu, and the entire family of viols and violins. Lutes either rose in ancient Mesopotamia prior to 3100 BC or were brought to the area by ancient Semitic tribes. The lutes were pierced lutes; long-necked lutes with a neck made from a stick that went into a carved or turtle-shell bowl, the top covered with skin, and strings tied to the neck and instrument's bottom. Curt Sachs, a musical historian, placed the earliest lutes at about 2000 BC in his 1941 book The History of Musical Instruments. This date was based on the archaeological evidence available to him at that time. The discovery of an apparent lute on an Akkadian seal, now in the British Museum, may have pushed the known existence of the plucked lute back to c. 3100 BC. The lute's existence in art was more plain between 2330–2000 BC (the 2nd Uruk period), when the art had sufficient detail to show the instrument clearly. The instrument spread among the Hittites, Elamites, Assyrians, Mari, Babylonians and Hurrians. By c. 1500 the lute had reached Egypt, through conquest, and it had reached Greece by 320 BC both through Egypt and eastern neighbors. The lute spread eastward as well; long lutes today are found everywhere from Europe to Japan and south to India. The short lute developed in Central Asia or Northern India in areas that had connection to Greece, China, India and the Middle East through trade and conquest. The short wood-topped lute moved east to China (as the pipa) south to India (as the Vina), and west to the Middle East, Africa and Europe as the Barbat and Oud. From these two, and from skin topped lutes known today as rubabs and plucked fiddles, instruments developed in Europe. Europeans had access to lutes in several ways. Foreign sources came in through Byzantium, Sicily and Andalusia. In the non-literate period, they apparently experimented with locally made instruments which were referenced in documents from the Carolingian Renaissance. This was overwhelmed by incoming instruments and Europeans developed whole families of lutes, both plucked and bowed. Lute-family instruments penetrated from East and Southeast Asia through Central Asia and the Middle East, through North Africa, Europe and Scandinavia. These days, lute-family instruments are used worldwide. (en)
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  • Bandola llanera (en)
  • Siddhartha playing the lute, sculpture (en)
  • Sasanian plate with celebration, includes lute player (en)
  • Bordonua (en)
  • picture of lute player from Utrecht Psalter (en)
  • Pipa, Middle Tang Dynasty era , from the Yulin Caves, cave 15 (en)
  • Hittite lute (en)
  • Hittite lute colorized (en)
  • Bajo sexto (en)
  • Columbian tiple (en)
  • Engraving on boundary marker showing long-necked lute and player (en)
  • illuminated image from Rylands Beatus showing man playing Cythara lute (en)
  • Oud or lute-family instrument at the Capella Palatina (en)
  • "Old charango", has shape of mandolin or bandurria (en)
  • Rabâb player in Southern Spain, from the Cantigas de Santa Maria. (en)
  • Drawing from Al-Fārābī of a musical instrument, called ""šāh-rūd"" (en)
  • A gittern and a rebec (en)
  • Ancient rubab Kushan Empire (en)
  • Chinese double-chambered lute, Mogao cave 322 (en)
  • Chinese lute 385–534 AD (en)
  • Drawing of a lute by Safi al-Din, 1333 A.D. (en)
  • Egyptian lute player 1422–1411 BC (en)
  • Egyptian pierced lute 1390–1295 BC (en)
  • Elamite lute players 1400 BC (en)
  • England, c. 1310 AD. Angel holding a citole (en)
  • Engraving from the oldest pipa (en)
  • European lute painting by Bartolomeo Veneto (en)
  • woodcut engraving of woman playing 4-course guitar, 16th century (en)
  • Girl tuning her Egyptian lute (en)
  • Guitarra Latina or citole and Guitarra morisca (en)
  • Guitarra panzona (en)
  • Guitarrón mexicano (en)
  • Harp lute, from West Africa (en)
  • Huapanguera (en)
  • Iranian rubab image on ceramic plate (en)
  • Kudyapi being played (en)
  • Kulcapi player Si Datas (en)
  • Lute in China, 384–441 AD (en)
  • Mantineia pandura (en)
  • Mexican vihuela (en)
  • Modern guitars, acoustic , resonator guitar (en)
  • Musical bow (en)
  • Musicians on Camel, Shaanxi History Museum, Xi'an (en)
  • Mérida Spain pandura (en)
  • Native Americans playing concheras (en)
  • Ormesby Psalter citole (en)
  • Painter David Hoyer playing a lute (en)
  • Painting of Nicholas Lanier holding a lute, 1613 (en)
  • Pipa, Yulin caves 1028–1227 AD (en)
  • Roman guitar-type instrument, 3rd century AD (en)
  • Sapeh being played (en)
  • Sogdian Whirl on photo by Ulrich von Schroeder (en)
  • Spanish lute or Laúd (en)
  • Syrian lute c. 730 AD (en)
  • Tanagra pandura c. 3rd century BC (en)
  • Tang Dynasty pipa, Yulin cave 25 (en)
  • The lute as the Chinese pipa (en)
  • Viola caipira (en)
  • Viola de cocho (en)
  • Woman playing viol (en)
  • Woman with a cittern, 1677 (en)
  • an Mijtens, A Lady Playing a Lute (en)
  • artwork on ceramic plate showing rubab with frets (en)
  • bandurria (en)
  • boy playing gambus (en)
  • dancer with lute dancing Sogdian Whirl (en)
  • engraving of cave wall art (en)
  • gambus resembling oud (en)
  • guitarra de golpe (en)
  • jarana huasteca (en)
  • two rebabs (en)
  • Painting of Egyptian musicians playing long-necked lutes, from 1350 BC (en)
  • Art from Gandhara in the 1st century AD showing a banquet and lute player (en)
  • Yueqin moon lute, from the Western Wei Dynasty 535–557 (en)
  • moon lute or qinqin from Mogao caves, cave 220, Tang Dynasty 618–907 (en)
  • Apsara flying with 5-string pipa, Kizil Cave 8, 6th century (en)
  • Elamite lute player, late 14th century and early 12th century BC (en)
  • Painting of rubab found in Mongolian grave in China (en)
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  • France, Utrecht Psalter, c. 850. During the Carolingian Renaissance an Anglo Saxon artist drew an image of a cythara with frets. (en)
  • China. Pipa with frets, Middle Tang Dynasty era , from the Yulin Caves, cave 15 (en)
  • Iraq. Drawing of a lute by Safi al-Din from a 1333 copy of his book, Kitab al-Adwār. (en)
  • Musical bows have survived in some parts of Africa. (en)
  • Lute or veena player, northern India, , 1st century A.D. (en)
  • "Woman with cittern", canvas painted 1677 by Pieter van Slingelandt . (en)
  • Apsara with sitar or yueqin, found at Luoyang; Longmen Caves. Northern Wei period (en)
  • Rebabs of the same style that Sachs labels rabâb, now called Maghreb rebabs. Wood and skin soundboards. Examples were still being made in Morocco in 1991. (en)
  • Ancient Egyptian tomb painting depicting players with long-necked, fretted lutes, 18th Dynasty . (en)
  • Three-string rebabs with wooden soundboards. These have also been called gitterns an instrument ancestral to the guitar and according to Sachs the mandore/mandola. (en)
  • Engraving from Tang Dynasty era pipa, gift from the Chinese emperor to the Japanese emperor. Along with the oldest known pipa, the Japanese court also preserved a version of the Central Asian dances from Kucha into the modern era. (en)
  • Mexico. Native Americans playing mandolin and vihuela de conchera in Mexico City. (en)
  • "Old charango", has shape of mandolin or bandurria (en)
  • "Siddhartha" playing a lute-type instrument. Gandaran art. Date not given for artwork. The era for grey schist art was the 1st–6th centuries AD. (en)
  • Roman guitar-type instrument depicted on a Roman sarcophagus dated to the 3rd century AD. (en)
  • Illustration from Al-Fārābī : Kitāb al-mūsīqī al kabīr Drawing of a musical instrument, called ""šāh-rūd"") (en)
  • Chinese double-chambered lute, Mogao Cave 322, Early Tang Dynasty Possible lutes include the huobosi and a calabash-back huluqin 葫蘆琴. (en)
  • England, c. 1310 AD. Angel holding a citole. There are frets drawn over the body of the instrument, where it is unlikely that gut frets could be placed. (en)
  • Cuban musician Barbarito Torres playing a Spanish lute or Laúd. (en)
  • Figure on wall whose bow has been thought of as possibly musical. (en)
  • Bow harp or harp lute, West Africa (en)
  • Brazil. Viola caipira (en)
  • Brazil. Viola de cocho (en)
  • Egyptian lute , 18th Dynasty, 1390–1295 BC (en)
  • European lute painting by Bartolomeo Veneto, c. 1500. By the early modern era, European lutes were built from strips of wood and a separate neck. (en)
  • Lute or pipa detail from a Tang Dynasty painting on silk, 897 AD. (en)
  • Musician tuning her lute, pulling the string upward from below while the hand at the top secures the tension. Tomb of Rekhmire, 18th Dynasty. (en)
  • Lute from the Pawaya, 4th-5th century C.E. (en)
  • Pipa from Yulin caves, cave 10, Western Xia period 1028–1227. (en)
  • Modern guitars, acoustic , resonator guitar . (en)
  • Moisés Torrealba.JPG playing a Bandola llanera. (en)
  • Nicholas Lanier, 1613 (en)
  • Pandura at Mantineia, c. 330–320 BC (en)
  • Pandura at Tanagra, Greece, c. 3rd century BC (en)
  • Ravy, , Iran, c. 1200 AD rubab with frets. (en)
  • Rylands Beatus, c. 1175, cythara. (en)
  • Si Datas on kulcapi, Karo Regency, 1914–1919. (en)
  • Sicily, c. 1140 AD (en)
  • Syrian lute c. 730 AD (en)
  • Three 18-string bandolons (en)
  • International, including Spain, China, Philippines. Bandurria (en)
  • Tabaristan, Iran, from a decorated dish, Sasanian . Marks around edge of lute might indicate a skin top. (en)
  • Rebab player. Soundboard is cut in half. Sachs said of another example that this was probably wood and skin. (en)
  • A lute resembling a yueqin moon lute, from the Western Wei Dynasty 535–557, 285th Cave of Mogao Caves. Lutes like this have some resemblance to Southeast Asian moon lutes such as the chapey and the đàn nguyệt. Appears to have frets. (en)
  • Elamite long-necked lute, late 14th century BC to early 12th century BC. There were no pegs to hold strings. Strings were wrapped with cords at the end of the neck. Each tassel indicates a string that is secured. (en)
  • Three musicians, Tomb of Nakht, Thebes, 18th Dynasty, 1422–1411 BC. The lute-player's lute has two strings and lines where frets are on modern instruments. (en)
  • Turkey. Hittite lute from Alacahöyük 1399–1301 BC colored to estimate frets. (en)
  • Xishan, Nanjing, tomb of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, second half of the 5th century. Artwork: "Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove and Rong Qiqi", shows Rong Qiqi and Ruan Xian . (en)
  • Mongolian lute, c. 1297, Tomb of Wang Qing, China. Probable shidurghū or sugudu. Possibly version of sanxian. (en)
  • Cover of 1552 music book by Guillaume de Morlaye. Four-course guitar. (en)
  • C. 12th century BC, Kassite kudurru showing long-necked lute. Tassels visible. Discovered in Susa, where it was carried as a war trophy. (en)
  • David Hoyer, an artist from Leipzig, painted by Jan Kupetzky, c. 1711. (en)
  • Tang dynasty art. Musicians on a camel, including one playing the lute. A similar artwork shows a group of bearded foreign musicians together on camelback. Tang Dynasty Excavated from a Tang Dynasty tomb, Zhongbu village, western suburb of Xi'an City. Kept at Shaanxi History Museum, Xi'an (en)
  • Iranian style rubab from the 13th century AD, found in Rayy . (en)
  • Lute from Al-Andalus copied manuscript, History of Bayâd and Riyâd. Copy from 13th century AD. Vatican Apostolic Library (en)
  • England, East Anglia. Angel playing citole in an illustration from the "Ormesby Psalter" (en)
  • Hellenistic banquet scene from the 1st century AD, Hadda, Gandhara. Lute player with short-necked lute, far right. (en)
  • Italian engraving from before 1510. Depicts the poet Giovanni Filoteo Achillini playing the viola da mano or vihuela de mano. (en)
  • Photo from the Cantigas de Santa Maria, Castile/Spain, c. 1300–1340. The left instrument has been called both Guitarra latina and citole. The other instrument has been called guitarra morisca. (en)
  • Elamite long-necked lute and short-necked lute from the first half of the 2nd millennium BC found at Susa. (en)
  • Roman pandura, 2nd century AD, found at Mérida, Spain (en)
  • Early depiction of pear-shaped lute or pipa in China from Dingjiazha Tomb No. 5, at end of Sixteen Kingdoms and beginning of Northern Wei dynasty eras (en)
  • Lumad musicians playing kudyapi and tube zither during the 2016 Kaamulan Festival of Bukidnon. (en)
  • Buddhist painting from the Mogao Caves, 762–827 AD. A dancer spins while the orchestra plays. Three kinds of lutes are present: large pipa with dancer, smaller pipa on far right side lower. Above that is a long-necked sanxian or possibly tanbur-relation. Dancer with lifted leg, a posture that may have been the Sogdian Whirl; it has been recreated in China today, called Pipa dance 反弹琵琶 . (en)
  • Indian long-necked lute, Bengal, Shunga period, 2nd century B.C. (en)
  • Sapeh being played at Rudolstadt-Festival 2019. The musicians come from different islands of the Pacifik and Indian Ocean. (en)
  • Puerto Rico. Bordonua, has a large, deep body bass guitar (en)
  • Dancer in the Sogian Whirl posture, lute held behind his head, 8th-century AD wine jug from Tadzhikistan, "in Sogdian style with Sasanian influence", at the Jokhang temple, Tibet, PRC. (en)
  • The Columbian tiple is larger than the Puerto Rican tiple. (en)
  • Music in Golkonda, 1660–1670. Musician plays a form of rubab known in India today as the seni rabab. A similar bowed version still exists today, the Kamaica. (en)
  • Japanese painting from 1573–1615 of a European woman with a viol. Her viol has four courses of strings. Later viols would be commonly strung with 6 single strings and played with a bow. (en)
  • Kushan lute, 1st to 3rd century AD. Found in Yusufzai district near Peshawar, Pakistan. In related instruments, the round section is a skin soundboard. (en)
  • Theorbo-lute hybrid. From the 1648 painting A Lady Playing a Lute by Jan Mijtens. (en)
  • Indian short-necked lute 2nd-1st century B.C., Shunga period, Chandraketugarh. The original sculpture appears to have 3 strings. (en)
  • Boy playing a gambus, a local name for the quanbus-like instrument. (en)
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  • The viola da mano was the Italian version of the vihuela de mano. The two instruments were equivalent, but with different bodies. The viol had "C-shape cuts with pointed corners" while the vihuela had a "figure-of-eight body shape". (en)
  • From Central Asia, the short-necked lute went east to China and west to Europe and Africa by way of Persia and Arabia. The area of origin borders on North India as well, and short-necked lutes can be seen in artwork that are a mixture of Hellenistic and Indian or Kushite art forms, from as early as the 1st to 3rd centuries AD. (en)
  • The bandurria and laúd are members of a family, resembling a type of cittern. They have become international instruments, played in Spain and in former colonies of the Spanish Empire, including Cuba and the Philippines. The bandurria is an older instrument, its roots going back to the Mandore, which birthed both mandolin and bandurria. The laúd was developed about 1880. (en)
  • oud found in Syria, has two features common to Tang-Dynasty pipa, the extra tip at the end of the peghead and the shape of the soundhole. Oud-family instruments painted in the Cappella Palatina in Sicily, 12th century. Roger II of Sicily employed Muslim musicians in his court, and paintings show them playing a mixture of lute-like instruments, strung with 3, 4 and five courses of strings. 13th-century AD image of an oud, from a 13th-century copy of Bayâd and Riyâd, a larger instrument than those in images at the Cappella Palatina. (en)
  • Relief sculpture offers clues to frets, but may be difficult to see. In this image, frets on the body may not be frets, but loops where the stick goes in and out of the skin soundboard. Holes above and below the stick are sound holes. (en)
  • Surviving related instruments include the medieval Iranian rubab, the rubab of Afghanistan, Pakistan and Northern India, the Indian sarod, sursingar and kamaica, the Nepali tungana, the Bangladeshi, Bengali and Assamese dotara, the Tibetan and Bhutanese dramyen or zhamunian, the Pamiri rubab, the Uyghur rawap. In China the huobosi , also called the hubo , and the sugudu , both with 4 strings are still played by the Naxi people. Historical variants known from writing include the shidurghū or sanxian , qūpūz-e rumī , qūpūz-e ozan , and rūdkhānī." The family of instruments blended Persian and Indian cultures, and has been played by Hindus, Buddhists, Muslims and Zoastrians. The instruments share a common name, because the vowel sounds are not always indicated in Arabic script. Plucked and bowed versions have shared the name. (en)
  • Portraits of Early modern or Renaissance people, posing with lutes. (en)
  • The moon lutes have become widespread. Versions of them can be found throughout China as the ruan family and also as the yueqin family. Moon lutes have spread south of the border where, in Southeast Asia, they have their own versions. The Southern China version of the yueqin, which may be related to the Southeast Asian moon lutes, has a longer neck than the northern version. The long-necked yueqin is being revived in Taiwan. (en)
  • Central Asian traders bridged Byzantium and the Middle East with China and India, with their caravan's of traders. The Sogdians were especially famous as traders. Because of them, the Chinese Emperor could drink wine from Roman glasses with his wife and do the "Sogdian Whirl". In 384 AD, the Chinese conquered Kucha, which was famous for its music and dance. It is in the area of the Kizil Caves, whose paintings make it clear that a variety of lutes were being invented and played in the region. The Kuchean dances were popular in the Chinese court, and are still preserved today in the Japanese imperial court, where a trader with lute can be seen on the 5-string-pipa from Central Asia, a gift of one emperor to another. (en)
  • Sachs said these instruments entered Europe through Spain. He felt that they were the likely candidate for the Moorish guitar, "with shrill and harsh notes", and ultimately related to the mandore or mandola. The Cantigas de Santa Maria, c. 1260, captured some of the musical instruments introduced from Muslim dominated Andalusia to Southern Europe. The plucked and bowed versions existed alongside each other. The bowed instruments became the rebec and the plucked instruments became the gittern. Curt Sachs linked this instrument with the mandola, the kopuz and the gambus, and named the bowed version rabâb. When the Muslims were driven out of Spain, Andalusian music and instruments survived in North Africa, in the Maghreb. (en)
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  • Frets on lutes (en)
  • Earliest images of lute were mainly long-necked lutes (en)
  • Double-chambered lutes: India, Central Asia, China, Mongolia (en)
  • Central Asia to China and Europe (en)
  • Central Asian music in China (en)
  • Citole and cittern (en)
  • Early moon lutes (en)
  • Early pipas (en)
  • Rababs or rebabs in Europe, c. 1260 (en)
  • Viol, Viheula (en)
  • A tradition of singing and dancing girls, wine, women and song (en)
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  • Barbat or Oud from 7th or 8th Century Iran.jpg (en)
  • Gandharan Lute.jpg (en)
  • Citole Robert De Lisle Psalter.jpg (en)
  • Guitar latina morisca.jpg (en)
  • Rylands Beatus Cythara 3.png (en)
  • Illustration of Homme masque en Bison jourant de la flute Wellcome M0004767.jpg (en)
  • Utrechts-Psalter PSALM-145-PSALM-146 lyre and cythara.jpg (en)
  • Pipa player - Yulin Cave 15.jpg (en)
  • Safi al-Din lute.png (en)
  • Gittern and rebec.jpg (en)
  • Hittite lute from Alacahöyük 1399–1301 BC cropped.png (en)
  • National Museum of Ethnology, Osaka - Bordonua - Puerto Rico - Collected in 2008.jpg (en)
  • European in Japan playing viol.jpg color modified.jpg (en)
  • Cover of Le Premier Livre De Chansons, Gaillardes, Pavannes, Bransles, Almandes, Fantaisies by Guillaume de Morlaye .gif (en)
  • Pipa from Yulin caves, cave 10, Western Xia period 1028-1227.jpg (en)
  • Moon Lute from Western Wei Dynasty 535-557, 285th Cave of Mogao Caves.jpg (en)
  • Muse with Πανδούρα Pandura Pandora Panduris ancient Greece old guitar Athens IV BCE siglo IV AEC.jpg (en)
  • Bartolomeo Veneto c 1470-1531 Woman Playing a Lute.jpg (en)
  • A boy playing the gambus.jpg (en)
  • AcousticBassGtr.jpg (en)
  • Al-Farabi.png (en)
  • Apsara-mit-Sitar.jpg (en)
  • AzCoupleGuitarsDance.JPG (en)
  • Barbed rubab , 1660-1670 CE, Golkonda.png (en)
  • COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Harp-luit TMnr A-11006.jpg (en)
  • Egyptian lute players 001.jpg (en)
  • Elamite long-lutes.jpg (en)
  • F190B SC UT.jpg (en)
  • Female figure as Venus, T'ang dynasty.jpg (en)
  • Girl tuning Egyptian lute at Rekhmire.jpg (en)
  • Guitarra panzona.png (en)
  • Huapanguera.jpg (en)
  • Indian lute, Shunga period, 2nd century B.C.jpg (en)
  • Indo-GreekBanquet.JPG (en)
  • Jan Mijtens, A Lady Playing a Lute.jpg (en)
  • Jarana primera.jpg (en)
  • Jose Guadalupe Guzman.jpg (en)
  • Maler der Geschichte von Bayâd und Riyâd cropped.jpg (en)
  • Kaamulan Festival 2016 - 26167600132 cropped.jpg (en)
  • Kizil 16, Asparas.jpg (en)
  • Kupetzky Lute 1711.jpg (en)
  • Luth player-Sb 7899-IMG 0897-black.jpg (en)
  • Man playing Lyre from Yusufzai Gandhara.jpg (en)
  • Mogao Cave 322, Double chambered lute.jpg (en)
  • Mogao caves, cave 220, Tang Dynasty 618-907.jpg (en)
  • Moisés Torrealba.JPG (en)
  • MusicalBow.gif (en)
  • MusiciansOnCamelimShaanxi History MuseumgR+M.jpg (en)
  • My guitarra de golpe.jpg (en)
  • Mérida pandurium.jpg (en)
  • Nicholas Lanier 1613.jpg (en)
  • Nubian lute.jpg (en)
  • Lute-family instrumentalist at Capella Palatina 2.jpg (en)
  • O violeiro, 1899.jpg (en)
  • Old Charango.JPG (en)
  • Orchestra bandurria.jpg (en)
  • Ormesby Psalter Citole.jpg (en)
  • Paapareetotores.jpg (en)
  • Pandoura 002.jpg (en)
  • Pawaya-lintel lute.jpg (en)
  • Pipa on Camel.jpg (en)
  • Pipa player - Yulin Cave 25.jpg (en)
  • Rabel.jpg (en)
  • Rebabs from the Cantigas de Santa Maria.jpg (en)
  • Rong Qiqi and Ruan Xian.JPG (en)
  • Small Island Big Song 39.jpg (en)
  • Sogdian whirl with large pipa.jpg (en)
  • Syrian lute 8th century.jpg (en)
  • Three Bandolónes.jpg (en)
  • Tiple.jpg (en)
  • Tomb of Nakht - three musicians 600dpi.png (en)
  • Unfinished kudurru h9089.jpg (en)
  • Vihuela Mexicana.jpg (en)
  • ViolaDaMano Raimondi c1510.jpg (en)
  • Violadecocho.jpg (en)
  • Yanju's tomb, lute player.jpg (en)
  • Hittite lute from Alacahöyük 1399–1301 BC colored to show frets.jpg (en)
  • COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM De bekende mandolinespeler Si Datas van Soerbakti Karolanden Noord-Sumatra TMnr 10005387.jpg (en)
  • Mongolian lute, circa 1279-1368, Tomb of Wang Qing.jpg (en)
  • Lute or veena player, India, Mathura, Kushan Period .jpg (en)
  • Lute-family instrumentalist at Capella Palatina.jpg (en)
  • Jenny Bohman with Brian Kramer, Blues Jam at S-ta Clara Bierhaus, 2009-09-30.jpg (en)
  • Musician playing gambus Hadhramaut at the Zubir Abdullah's Cinta, Cipta & Citarasa workshop concert in Malaysia- 8 Aug 2010.jpg (en)
  • Indian chordophone 2nd-1st century B.C., Chandraketugarh.jpg (en)
  • Woman with cittern 1677 by Pieter van Slingeland.jpg (en)
  • Guitar-type instrument depicted on an ancient Roman sarcophagus in marble, British Museum number 1805,0703.132.jpg (en)
  • Hombre cantando por dinero en las cercanías del Hotel Humbodlt.jpg (en)
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dbp:wstitle
  • Citole (en)
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  • Lutes are stringed musical instruments that include a body and "a neck which serves both as a handle and as a means of stretching the strings beyond the body". The lute family includes not only short-necked plucked lutes such as the lute, oud, pipa, guitar, citole, gittern, mandore, rubab, and gambus and long-necked plucked lutes such as banjo, tanbura, bağlama, bouzouki, veena, theorbo, archlute, pandura, sitar, tanbur, setar, but also bowed instruments such as the yaylı tambur, rebab, erhu, and the entire family of viols and violins. (en)
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  • History of lute-family instruments (en)
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