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Heresy has been a concern in Christian communities at least since the writing of the Second Epistle of Peter: "even as there shall be false teachers among you, who privily shall bring in damnable heresies, even denying the Lord that bought them" (2 Peter 2:1). In the first two or three centuries of the early Church, heresy and schism were not clearly distinguished. A similar overlapping occurred in medieval scholasticism. Heresy is understood today to mean the denial of revealed truth as taught by the Church. Nineteenth-century theologian Friedrich Schleiermacher defined it as "that which preserved the appearance of Christianity, and yet contradicted its essence".

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  • Heresy has been a concern in Christian communities at least since the writing of the Second Epistle of Peter: "even as there shall be false teachers among you, who privily shall bring in damnable heresies, even denying the Lord that bought them" (2 Peter 2:1). In the first two or three centuries of the early Church, heresy and schism were not clearly distinguished. A similar overlapping occurred in medieval scholasticism. Heresy is understood today to mean the denial of revealed truth as taught by the Church. Nineteenth-century theologian Friedrich Schleiermacher defined it as "that which preserved the appearance of Christianity, and yet contradicted its essence". The Catholic Church makes a distinction between 'material' and 'formal' heresy. Material heresy means in effect "holding erroneous doctrines through no fault of one's own" due to and "is neither a crime nor a sin" since the individual has made the error in good faith. Formal heresy is "the wilful and persistent adherence to an error in matters of faith" on the part of a baptised person. As such it is a grave sin and involves ipso facto excommunication; a Catholic that embraces a formal heresy is considered to have automatically separated his or her soul from the Catholic Church. Here "matters of faith" means dogmas which have been proposed by the infallible magisterium of the Church and, in addition to this intellectual error, "pertinacity in the will" in maintaining it in opposition to the teaching of the Church must be present. While individual branches of the Protestant Church have also used the concept in proceedings against individuals and groups deemed to be heretical by those branches, the lack of a central doctrinal authority has meant that beliefs can often not be unanimously considered heretical from the Protestant perspective. Likewise the Eastern Orthodox Church officially declares a heresy only at an ecumenical council, and currently accepts only the first seven Ecumenical Councils as ecumenical. The following listing contains those opinions which were either explicitly condemned by Chalcedonian Christianity before 1054 or are of later origin but similar. Details of some modern opinions deemed to be heretical by the Catholic Church are listed in an appendix. All lists are in alphabetical order. (en)
  • Bidat sudah menjadi keprihatinan komunitas-komunitas Kristen selambat-lambatnya sejak Surat Petrus yang ke-2 ditulis. Surat ini berisi peringatan kepada umat Kristen untuk mewaspadai guru-guru palsu yang hendak memasukkan ajaran-ajaran sesat yang membinasakan (2 Petrus 2:1). Selama dua tiga abad pertama sejarah Gereja, bidat dan skisma tidak dibedakan secara tegas. Kerancuan yang sama juga muncul dalam ajaran filsafat Skolastika Abad Pertengahan. Sekarang ini, bidat dipahami sebagai penyangkalan terhadap kebenaran-terwahyu yang diajarkan Gereja. Friedrich Schleiermacher, salah seorang teolog abad ke-19, mendefinisikan bidat sebagai "ajaran yang mempertahankan tampilan Kristen tetapi sesungguhnya bertentangan dengan inti sari ajaran Kristen". Gereja Katolik membedakan bidat 'material' dari bidat 'formal'. Bidat material berarti "menganut ajaran-ajaran yang keliru bukan karena kesalahan diri sendiri", seperti yang terjadi pada orang-orang yang tumbuh besar di dalam komunitas-komunitas non-Katolik. Bidat material "bukanlah kejahatan maupun dosa", karena pelakunya tidak pernah menerima ajaran yang benar. Bidat formal berarti "dengan sengaja dan bersungguh-sungguh menganut suatu kekeliruan dalam perkara iman" selaku warga terbaptis Gereja Katolik, dan oleh karena itu merupakan dosa yang mendatangkan laknat kekal di akhirat maupun ekskomunikasi ipso facto di dunia. Dalam hal ini, "perkara iman" berarti dogma-dogma ketetapan magisterium Gereja Katolik yang mustahil-keliru. Selain unsur kekeliruan intelektual, harus ada pula unsur "kemauan yang sungguh-sungguh" untuk mempertahankan kekeliruan tersebut, kendati nyata-nyata bertentangan dengan ajaran Gereja Katolik. Sejumlah gereja Protestan juga memakai konsep yang sama dalam berurusan dengan orang-orang pribadi maupun kelompok-kelompok yang mereka pandang sebagai ahli bidat, tetapi ketiadaan otoritas doktrinal yang terpusat memunculkan ketidakseragaman pandangan di dalam rumpun besar Kristen Protestan mengenai sesat tidaknya suatu ajaran. Gereja Ortodoks Timur juga hanya membidatkan suatu ajaran secara resmi di dalam konsili oikumene, dan sekarang ini hanya mengakui tujuh konsili terdahulu sebagai konsili-konsili yang bersifat oikumene. Artikel ini memuat daftar-daftar berbagai ajaran yang secara terbuka dibidatkan sebelum tahun 1054 oleh Gereja-Gereja yang mengamini keputusan Konsili Kalsedon maupun ajaran-ajaran yang baru muncul kemudian hari tetapi mirip dengan ajaran-ajaran yang sudah dibidatkan. Pemerian beberapa ajaran modern yang dibidatkan Gereja Katolik disajikan di dalam sebuah apendiks. Semua daftar tersusun secara alfabetis. (in)
  • Esta é uma lista de heresias cristãs segundo a Igreja Católica Romana, abrangendo uma série de seitas, movimentos e denominações dissidentes consideradas heréticas pelo Magistério católico ao longo de sua história. Muitas dessas heresias foram alvos de condenações e excomunhões por meio de Concílios ou por decretos dos papas. Na Baixa Idade Média, algumas sofreram perseguições religiosas, inclusive por meio da Inquisição, que julgava e executava os acusados de heresia. O termo "heresia" geralmente se refere às crenças que foram declaradas anátemas pela Igreja Católica antes do Grande Cisma (1054). Após o cisma, tanto a Igreja Católica e a Igreja Ortodoxa continuaram a utilizar o termo para identificar o que é considerado heterodoxo em termos de crenças e práticas. Igrejas protestantes também têm usado o termo contra indivíduos e grupos considerados heréticos por essas igrejas, a falta de uma autoridade central doutrinária significa que crenças, muitas vezes, não são unanimemente consideradas heréticas da perspectiva protestante. (pt)
  • Каждая христианская деноминация имеет собственный список течений мысли, которые она считает еретическими. (ru)
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  • Каждая христианская деноминация имеет собственный список течений мысли, которые она считает еретическими. (ru)
  • Heresy has been a concern in Christian communities at least since the writing of the Second Epistle of Peter: "even as there shall be false teachers among you, who privily shall bring in damnable heresies, even denying the Lord that bought them" (2 Peter 2:1). In the first two or three centuries of the early Church, heresy and schism were not clearly distinguished. A similar overlapping occurred in medieval scholasticism. Heresy is understood today to mean the denial of revealed truth as taught by the Church. Nineteenth-century theologian Friedrich Schleiermacher defined it as "that which preserved the appearance of Christianity, and yet contradicted its essence". (en)
  • Bidat sudah menjadi keprihatinan komunitas-komunitas Kristen selambat-lambatnya sejak Surat Petrus yang ke-2 ditulis. Surat ini berisi peringatan kepada umat Kristen untuk mewaspadai guru-guru palsu yang hendak memasukkan ajaran-ajaran sesat yang membinasakan (2 Petrus 2:1). Selama dua tiga abad pertama sejarah Gereja, bidat dan skisma tidak dibedakan secara tegas. Kerancuan yang sama juga muncul dalam ajaran filsafat Skolastika Abad Pertengahan. Sekarang ini, bidat dipahami sebagai penyangkalan terhadap kebenaran-terwahyu yang diajarkan Gereja. Friedrich Schleiermacher, salah seorang teolog abad ke-19, mendefinisikan bidat sebagai "ajaran yang mempertahankan tampilan Kristen tetapi sesungguhnya bertentangan dengan inti sari ajaran Kristen". (in)
  • Esta é uma lista de heresias cristãs segundo a Igreja Católica Romana, abrangendo uma série de seitas, movimentos e denominações dissidentes consideradas heréticas pelo Magistério católico ao longo de sua história. Muitas dessas heresias foram alvos de condenações e excomunhões por meio de Concílios ou por decretos dos papas. Na Baixa Idade Média, algumas sofreram perseguições religiosas, inclusive por meio da Inquisição, que julgava e executava os acusados de heresia. (pt)
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  • Daftar bidat menurut Gereja Katolik (in)
  • List of heresies in the Catholic Church (en)
  • Список христианских ересей (ru)
  • Lista de heresias católicas (pt)
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