Classical liberalism (also known as traditional liberalism, laissez-faire liberalism, market liberalism or, in much of the world, simply liberalism) is a doctrine stressing individual freedom and limited government. This includes the importance of human rationality, individual property rights, natural rights, the protection of civil liberties, constitutional limitation of government, free markets, and individual freedom from restraint as exemplified in the writings of John Locke, Adam Smith, David Hume, David Ricardo, Voltaire, Montesquieu and others. As such, it is the fusion of economic liberalism with political liberalism. The "normative core" of classical liberalism is the idea that laissez-faire economics will bring about a spontaneous order or invisible hand that benefits the society, though it does not necessarily oppose the state's provision of a few basic public goods. The qualification classical was applied in retrospect to distinguish early nineteenth-century liberalism from changes in liberal thought during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, especially the "new liberalism" associated with Thomas Hill Green, Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse, and Franklin D. Roosevelt, which grants the state a more interventionist role in the economy, including a welfare state. Classical liberalism is not to be confused with the ideology that is commonly called "liberalism" today in the United States, as "classical liberalism" is closer to being a current of contemporary "conservatism" in the U.S.

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  • Classical liberalism (also known as traditional liberalism, laissez-faire liberalism, market liberalism or, in much of the world, simply liberalism) is a doctrine stressing individual freedom and limited government. This includes the importance of human rationality, individual property rights, natural rights, the protection of civil liberties, constitutional limitation of government, free markets, and individual freedom from restraint as exemplified in the writings of John Locke, Adam Smith, David Hume, David Ricardo, Voltaire, Montesquieu and others. As such, it is the fusion of economic liberalism with political liberalism. The "normative core" of classical liberalism is the idea that laissez-faire economics will bring about a spontaneous order or invisible hand that benefits the society, though it does not necessarily oppose the state's provision of a few basic public goods. The qualification classical was applied in retrospect to distinguish early nineteenth-century liberalism from changes in liberal thought during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, especially the "new liberalism" associated with Thomas Hill Green, Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse, and Franklin D. Roosevelt, which grants the state a more interventionist role in the economy, including a welfare state. Classical liberalism is not to be confused with the ideology that is commonly called "liberalism" today in the United States, as "classical liberalism" is closer to being a current of contemporary "conservatism" in the U.S. Ludwig von Mises, Friedrich Hayek, Murray N. Rothbard and other followers of the Austrian School developed even further the liberal ideas, culminating in Minarchism and Anarcho-Capitalism, which are the main flags of libertarian politics. They, together with Milton Friedman, are credited with influencing a revival of classical liberalism in the twentieth century after it fell out of favor beginning in the late nineteenth century and much of the twentieth century. In relation to economic issues, this revival is sometimes referred to, mainly by its opponents, as "neoliberalism". It must be said that the German "ordoliberalism" has a whole different meaning, since the likes of Alexander Rüstow and Wilhelm Röpke have advocated a more interventionist state, as opposed to laissez-faire liberals. Libertarians of a minarchist persuasion use the term "classical liberalism" almost interchangeably with the term "libertarianism", while the correctness of this usage is disputed . Nevertheless, if the two philosophies are not the same, classical liberalism does resemble modern libertarianism in many ways. (en)
  • Klassisk liberalism (även känd som laissez-faire-liberalism) är en politisk skola som betonar vikten av privategendom, naturrätten, begränsning av statligt inflytande, försvar av politiska rättigheter, ekonomisk politik med stark betoning på fri marknad och individuell frihet från förtryck som exemplifieras i texter av Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill, Anders Chydenius, Richard Cobden (även företrädare för den s k manchesterliberalismen), Jean-Baptise Say m.fl. Som sådan är den klassisk liberalismen en sammanslagning av ekonomisk liberalism och politisk liberalism. Den klassiska liberalismen skiljer på stat och samhälle, där stat är tvång medan samhället är en frivillig sammanslutning. Statens uppgift ska därför begränsas till att omfatta polis, militär och ett domstolsväsende, för att upprätthålla individens rättigheter. Denna minimala stat benämns nattväktarstat. (sv)
  • El Liberalismo clásico o primer liberalismo es un concepto usado para englobar las ideas políticas formuladas durante los siglos XVII y XVIII, contrarias al poder absoluto del Estado y su intervención en asuntos civiles, la autoridad excluyente de las iglesias, y cualquier privilegio político y social, con el objetivo de que el individuo pueda desarrollar sus capacidades individuales y su libertad en el ámbito político y religioso. Su base fundamental se encuentra en la doctrina de la ley natural, cuyo más representativo exponente es John Locke. También recibe este nombre, aunque su ámbito es distinto, el liberalismo económico, teoría económica iniciada por Adam Smith (La riqueza de las naciones, 1776), especialmente por oposición a la escuela neoclásica de economía o marginalismo, de finales del siglo XIX. (es)
  • Klassinen liberalismi on poliittinen aate, joka saavutti kypsyytensä 1800-luvulla. Klassista liberalismia on yleensä pidetty teollisen vallankumouksen ja siitä rakentuvan kapitalismin tyypillisenä aatteena. Sellaiset arvot kuin sananvapaus, uskonnonvapaus sekä ajatuksenvapaus tulivat ensimmäiseksi esille klassisen liberalismin ajattelijoilta ennen kuin muidenkin aatteiden ajattelijat alkoivat omaksua niitä. Klassisen liberalismin vaikutus on ollut niin laajaa, että enimmät länsimaat katsotaan liberaalidemokratioiksi. (fi)
  • O liberalismo clássico é uma doutrina ou corrente do pensamento político que defende a maximização da liberdade individual mediante o exercício dos direitos e da lei. O liberalismo defende uma sociedade caracterizada pela livre iniciativa integrada num contexto definido. Tal contexto geralmente inclui um sistema de governo democrático, o primado lei, a liberdade de expressão e a livre concorrência econômica. REDIRECT Predefinição:Carece de fontesO liberalismo rejeita diversos axiomas fundamentais que dominaram vários sistemas anteriores de governo político, tais como o direito divino dos reis, a hereditariedade e o sistema de religião oficial. Os princípios fundamentais do liberalismo incluem a transparência, os direitos individuais e civis, especialmente o direito à vida, à liberdade, à propriedade, um governo baseado no livre consentimento dos governados e estabelecido com base em eleições livres; igualdade da lei e de direitos para todos os cidadãos. REDIRECT Predefinição:Carece de fontes (pt)
  • 古典自由主义可以有兩種涵義： 早期的自由主義，從啟蒙時代開始直到约翰·斯图尔特·密尔為止的自由主義。 在20世紀復甦的相同政治哲學，追溯上述的早期自由主義，亦即自由意志主義。 而本條目所述及的即是第一種早期的自由主義。 古典自由主義（Classical liberalism）是一種支持個人先於國家存在的政治哲學，強調個人的權利、私有財產，並主張自由放任的經濟政策，認為政府存在的目的僅在於保護每個個體的自由。古典自由主義發源於17世紀和18世紀，也因此，它通常被視為由於工業革命和隨後的資本主義體制而產生的一種意識形態。言論自由、信仰自由、思想自由、自我負責，和自由市場等概念最先也是由古典自由主義所提出，後來才陸續被其他政治意識形態所採納的。古典自由主義反對當時絕大多數較早期的政治學說，例如君權神授說、世襲制度和國教制度，強調個人的自由、理性、正義和寬容。美國革命和法国大革命都受到了古典自由主義的影響。 古典自由主義认为一国的真正财富不是金银总量的增加，而是其国民创造的商品服务的数量。政府的干预经常是阻碍了经济的增长，因此主张将政府排除出经济领域，让经济生活自行其事，让追求自身利益的无数的个体理性的计算来引导经济生活的调整，即“誰會應當盡量從政府干預中擺脫出来，盡量的自由”，“管得最少的政府是最好的政府”。 (zh)
  • Der klassische Liberalismus ist die Urform des Liberalismus. Er entwickelte sich vor allem in England und Schottland und postuliert eine enge Verbindung zwischen politischer Freiheit und Privateigentum. Als sein Begründer kann Adam Smith angesehen werden. (de)
  • Klassisk liberalisme er en betegnelse som brukes på liberalisme i sin opprinnelige form. I praksis brukes ofte begrepene klassisk liberalisme og libertarianisme om hverandre, men i utgangspunktet har førstnevnte begrep en snevrere og klarere definert avgrensning. Mens libertarianisme er en samlebetegnelse for ideologier som bygger på ikke-aggresjons-prinsippet, og inkluderer alt fra minarkisme til anarkokapitalisme, betegner klassisk liberalisme den ideologi som vokste frem i opplysningstiden, og som gikk ut på at myndighetenes oppgave var å beskytte og opprettholde innbyggernes rettigheter. Opposisjonen mot offentlige reguleringer og inngrep var sterk, og man mente således at myndighetene skulle ta seg av politi, rettsvesen og forsvar – i enkelte tilfeller også renovasjon og liknende – mens andre oppgaver skulle overlates til markedet. En slik stat kalles ofte en nattvekterstat. Sentralt i den klassiske liberalismen står prinsippet om individuelle rettigheter, derunder retten til frihet, eiendom og streben etter lykke. (no)
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rdfs:comment
  • Classical liberalism (also known as traditional liberalism, laissez-faire liberalism, market liberalism or, in much of the world, simply liberalism) is a doctrine stressing individual freedom and limited government. This includes the importance of human rationality, individual property rights, natural rights, the protection of civil liberties, constitutional limitation of government, free markets, and individual freedom from restraint as exemplified in the writings of John Locke, Adam Smith, David Hume, David Ricardo, Voltaire, Montesquieu and others. As such, it is the fusion of economic liberalism with political liberalism. The "normative core" of classical liberalism is the idea that laissez-faire economics will bring about a spontaneous order or invisible hand that benefits the society, though it does not necessarily oppose the state's provision of a few basic public goods. The qualification classical was applied in retrospect to distinguish early nineteenth-century liberalism from changes in liberal thought during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, especially the "new liberalism" associated with Thomas Hill Green, Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse, and Franklin D. Roosevelt, which grants the state a more interventionist role in the economy, including a welfare state. Classical liberalism is not to be confused with the ideology that is commonly called "liberalism" today in the United States, as "classical liberalism" is closer to being a current of contemporary "conservatism" in the U.S. (en)
  • Klassisk liberalism (även känd som laissez-faire-liberalism) är en politisk skola som betonar vikten av privategendom, naturrätten, begränsning av statligt inflytande, försvar av politiska rättigheter, ekonomisk politik med stark betoning på fri marknad och individuell frihet från förtryck som exemplifieras i texter av Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill, Anders Chydenius, Richard Cobden (även företrädare för den s k manchesterliberalismen), Jean-Baptise Say m.fl. (sv)
  • El Liberalismo clásico o primer liberalismo es un concepto usado para englobar las ideas políticas formuladas durante los siglos XVII y XVIII, contrarias al poder absoluto del Estado y su intervención en asuntos civiles, la autoridad excluyente de las iglesias, y cualquier privilegio político y social, con el objetivo de que el individuo pueda desarrollar sus capacidades individuales y su libertad en el ámbito político y religioso. (es)
  • Klassinen liberalismi on poliittinen aate, joka saavutti kypsyytensä 1800-luvulla. (fi)
  • O liberalismo clássico é uma doutrina ou corrente do pensamento político que defende a maximização da liberdade individual mediante o exercício dos direitos e da lei. O liberalismo defende uma sociedade caracterizada pela livre iniciativa integrada num contexto definido. (pt)
  • 古典自由主义可以有兩種涵義： 早期的自由主義，從啟蒙時代開始直到约翰·斯图尔特·密尔為止的自由主義。 在20世紀復甦的相同政治哲學，追溯上述的早期自由主義，亦即自由意志主義。 而本條目所述及的即是第一種早期的自由主義。 古典自由主義（Classical liberalism）是一種支持個人先於國家存在的政治哲學，強調個人的權利、私有財產，並主張自由放任的經濟政策，認為政府存在的目的僅在於保護每個個體的自由。古典自由主義發源於17世紀和18世紀，也� 此，它通常被視為由於工業革命和隨後的資本主義體制而產生的一種意識形態。言論自由、信仰自由、思想自由、自我� 責，和自由市� �等概念最先也是由古典自由主義所提出，後來才陸續被其他政治意識形態所採納的。古典自由主義反對當時絕大多數較早期的政治學說，例如君權神授說、世襲制度和國教制度，強調個人的自由、理性、正義和寬容。美國革命和法国大革命都受到了古典自由主義的影響。 古典自由主義认为一国的真正财富不是金银总量的增� ，而是其国民创� 的商品服务的数量。政府的干预经常是阻碍了经济的增长，� 此主� 将政府排除出经济领域，让经济生活自行其事，让追求自身利益的� 数的个体理性的计算来引导经济生活的调整，即“誰會應當盡量從政府干� �中擺脫出来，盡量的自由”，“管得最少的政府是最好的政府”。 (zh)
  • Klassisk liberalisme er en betegnelse som brukes på liberalisme i sin opprinnelige form. I praksis brukes ofte begrepene klassisk liberalisme og libertarianisme om hverandre, men i utgangspunktet har førstnevnte begrep en snevrere og klarere definert avgrensning. (no)
rdfs:label
  • Classical liberalism (en)
  • Klassiek-liberalisme (nl)
  • Klassisk liberalism (sv)
  • Liberalismo clásico (es)
  • Klassinen liberalismi (fi)
  • Liberalismo clássico (pt)
  • 古典自由主义 (zh)
  • Klassischer Liberalismus (de)
  • Klassisk liberalisme (no)
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