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The origin of Shia–Sunni relations can be traced back to a dispute over the succession to the Islamic prophet Muhammad as a caliph of the Islamic community. After the death of Muhammad in 632, a group of Muslims, who would come to be known as the Sunnis, believed that Muhammad's successor should be Abu Bakr, whereas a second group of Muslims, who would come to be known as the Shias, believed that his successor should have been Ali. This dispute spread across various parts of the Muslim world, which eventually led to the Battle of Jamal and Battle of Siffin. Sectarianism based on this historic dispute intensified greatly after the Battle of Karbala, in which Husayn ibn Ali and some of his close partisans, including members of his household, were killed by the ruling Umayyad Caliph Yazid I,

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  • الخلاف السني الشيعي هو خلافٌ دينيٌّ تاريخيٌّ بين أكبر طائفتين إسلاميتين: أهل السنةِ والجماعة والشيعة. يرتكزُ الخلافُ على عدة محاور: منها العقدي، ومنها الفقهي. يعود أصلُ الخلافِ إلى النزاع حول الأحقية بخلافة النبي محمد. حيث يعتقد السنة أن خليفة محمد يجب أن يكون أبو بكر وعمر، بينما يرى الشيعة أن خليفته يجب أن يكون علي بن أبي طالب. زادت شدّة الخلاف بعد معركة كربلاء التي قُتل فيها الحسين بن علي وأهل بيته. (ar)
  • Sunniten und Schiiten bilden die zwei Hauptzweige des Islam. Die demografische Aufteilung zwischen den beiden Konfessionsgruppen ist schwierig zu bestimmen und wird je nach Quelle unterschiedlich angegeben, doch nach einer Einschätzung aus dem Jahre 2010 sind 85 % aller Muslime weltweit Sunniten und 15 % Schiiten. Die meisten Schiiten gehören der Zwölfer-Schia an; daneben gibt es weitere Untergruppen wie Ismailiten und Alawiten, letztere hauptsächlich in Syrien. Sunniten und Schiiten glauben beide an die göttliche Herkunft des Korans und sind sich auch hinsichtlich der Bedeutung der Fünf Säulen des Islam einig. Gewisse Unterschiede bestehen in der religiösen Praxis, Traditionen und Gebräuchen, oftmals im Zusammenhang mit der Jurisprudenz. Unter anderem in der Bewertung von einigen Hadithen sowie über die Natur des Mahdi herrschen zwischen den beiden Gruppen unterschiedliche Ansichten. (de)
  • The origin of Shia–Sunni relations can be traced back to a dispute over the succession to the Islamic prophet Muhammad as a caliph of the Islamic community. After the death of Muhammad in 632, a group of Muslims, who would come to be known as the Sunnis, believed that Muhammad's successor should be Abu Bakr, whereas a second group of Muslims, who would come to be known as the Shias, believed that his successor should have been Ali. This dispute spread across various parts of the Muslim world, which eventually led to the Battle of Jamal and Battle of Siffin. Sectarianism based on this historic dispute intensified greatly after the Battle of Karbala, in which Husayn ibn Ali and some of his close partisans, including members of his household, were killed by the ruling Umayyad Caliph Yazid I, and the outcry for revenge divided the early Islamic community, albeit disproportionately, into two groups, the Sunni and the Shia. This is known today as the Islamic schism. The present demographic breakdown between the two denominations is difficult to assess and varies by source, with most approximations stating that 90% of the world's Muslims are Sunni and 10% are Shia, with most Shias belonging to the Twelver tradition and the rest divided between many other groups. Sunnis are a majority in almost all Muslim communities around the world. Shia make up the majority of the citizen population in Iran, Iraq, Bahrain, and Azerbaijan, as well as being a minority in Pakistan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Yemen, Nigeria, Afghanistan, Chad and Kuwait. Today, there are differences in religious practice, traditions, and customs, often related to jurisprudence. Although all Muslim groups consider the Quran to be divine, Sunni and Shia have different opinions on hadith. In recent years, Sunni–Shia relations have been increasingly marked by conflict, particularly the Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict. Sectarian violence persists to this day from Pakistan to Yemen and is a major element of friction throughout the Middle East and South Asia. Tensions between communities have intensified during power struggles, such as the Bahraini uprising, the Iraqi Civil War, the Syrian Civil War, the War in Iraq (2013–2017), and the formation of the self-styled Islamic State of Iraq and Syria that has launched a genocide against Shias. (en)
  • Awal mula hubungan Sunni dengan Syiah dapat dilacak balik hingga debat antara siapa yang pantas menjadi penerus nabi Islam Muhammad sebagai khalifah bagi umat Islam. Setelah Nabi Muhammad meninggal pada 632, kelompok muslim yang kelak disebut Sunni (ahlussunnah waljamaah), menganggap Abu Bakar layak sebagai penerus, sedangkan pada kelompok kedua, yang kelak disebut Syiah, menganggap Ali layak sebagai penerus. Pertentangan ini terus terjadi hingga meletuslah Perang Jamal dan Perang Siffin. Konflik sektarianisme ini terus terjadi setelah Pertempulan Karbala, ketika Husain bin Ali beserta sejumlah Ahlulbait terbunuh, dan puncaknya Islam terpecah menjadi dua golongan: Sunni dan Syiah. Sejumlah analisis sebaran demografi antara kedua denominasi susah untuk dicari data akuratnya dan dapat berbeda menurut sumber. Perkiraan menunjukkan 90% umat muslim dunia mengikuti Sunni dan 10% adalah Syiah; mayoritas Syiah 12 Imam dan sebagian kecil sekte lainnya. Sunni menjadi aliran Islam yang banyak dianut penduduk Bumi. Syiah mayoritas tinggal di Iran, Irak, Bahrain, dan Azerbaijan, serta menjadi minoritas di Pakistan, Lebanon, Arab Saudi, Suriah, Yaman, Nigeria, Afganistan, Chad, dan Kuwait. Sekarang banyak sekali perbedaan antara praktik ibadah, adat, dan tradisi (fikih). Meski semua Muslim meyakini al-Qur'an sebagai wahyu Allah, Sunni dan Syiah memiliki pendapat berbeda mengenai hukum-hukum, termasuk hadis. Dalam tahun-tahun terakhir, hubungan Sunni–Syiah banyak diwarnai konflik, seperti Konflik proksi Iran–Arab Saudi. terjadi mulai dari Pakistan hingga Yaman dan menjadi pergesekan yang cukup kentara antara Timur Tengah dan Asia Selatan. Situasi politik dan masyarakat antara Sunni dan Syiah semakin tegang, terutama saat terjadinya Demonstrasi Bahrain 2011, Perang Irak, Perang Saudara Suriah, Perang Saudara Irak (2013–2017), serta berdirinya Negara Islam Irak dan Syam. (in)
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  • الخلاف السني الشيعي هو خلافٌ دينيٌّ تاريخيٌّ بين أكبر طائفتين إسلاميتين: أهل السنةِ والجماعة والشيعة. يرتكزُ الخلافُ على عدة محاور: منها العقدي، ومنها الفقهي. يعود أصلُ الخلافِ إلى النزاع حول الأحقية بخلافة النبي محمد. حيث يعتقد السنة أن خليفة محمد يجب أن يكون أبو بكر وعمر، بينما يرى الشيعة أن خليفته يجب أن يكون علي بن أبي طالب. زادت شدّة الخلاف بعد معركة كربلاء التي قُتل فيها الحسين بن علي وأهل بيته. (ar)
  • Sunniten und Schiiten bilden die zwei Hauptzweige des Islam. Die demografische Aufteilung zwischen den beiden Konfessionsgruppen ist schwierig zu bestimmen und wird je nach Quelle unterschiedlich angegeben, doch nach einer Einschätzung aus dem Jahre 2010 sind 85 % aller Muslime weltweit Sunniten und 15 % Schiiten. Die meisten Schiiten gehören der Zwölfer-Schia an; daneben gibt es weitere Untergruppen wie Ismailiten und Alawiten, letztere hauptsächlich in Syrien. (de)
  • The origin of Shia–Sunni relations can be traced back to a dispute over the succession to the Islamic prophet Muhammad as a caliph of the Islamic community. After the death of Muhammad in 632, a group of Muslims, who would come to be known as the Sunnis, believed that Muhammad's successor should be Abu Bakr, whereas a second group of Muslims, who would come to be known as the Shias, believed that his successor should have been Ali. This dispute spread across various parts of the Muslim world, which eventually led to the Battle of Jamal and Battle of Siffin. Sectarianism based on this historic dispute intensified greatly after the Battle of Karbala, in which Husayn ibn Ali and some of his close partisans, including members of his household, were killed by the ruling Umayyad Caliph Yazid I, (en)
  • Awal mula hubungan Sunni dengan Syiah dapat dilacak balik hingga debat antara siapa yang pantas menjadi penerus nabi Islam Muhammad sebagai khalifah bagi umat Islam. Setelah Nabi Muhammad meninggal pada 632, kelompok muslim yang kelak disebut Sunni (ahlussunnah waljamaah), menganggap Abu Bakar layak sebagai penerus, sedangkan pada kelompok kedua, yang kelak disebut Syiah, menganggap Ali layak sebagai penerus. Pertentangan ini terus terjadi hingga meletuslah Perang Jamal dan Perang Siffin. Konflik sektarianisme ini terus terjadi setelah Pertempulan Karbala, ketika Husain bin Ali beserta sejumlah Ahlulbait terbunuh, dan puncaknya Islam terpecah menjadi dua golongan: Sunni dan Syiah. (in)
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  • Shia–Sunni relations (en)
  • خلاف سني شيعي (ar)
  • Beziehungen zwischen Sunniten und Schiiten (de)
  • Hubungan Sunni dengan Syiah (in)
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