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The history of Ottoman–Safavid relations (Persian: روابط عثمانی و صفوی) started with the establishment of Safavid dynasty in Persia (Iran) in the early 16th century. The initial Ottoman–Safavid conflict culminated in the Battle of Chaldiran in 1514, and was followed by a century of border confrontation. In 1639, Safavid Persia and Ottoman Empire signed the Treaty of Zuhab which recognized Iraq in Ottoman control, and decisively parted the Caucasus in two between the two empires. For most of it, the Zuhab treaty was a consolidation of the Peace of Amasya of about a century earlier.

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  • The history of Ottoman–Safavid relations (Persian: روابط عثمانی و صفوی) started with the establishment of Safavid dynasty in Persia (Iran) in the early 16th century. The initial Ottoman–Safavid conflict culminated in the Battle of Chaldiran in 1514, and was followed by a century of border confrontation. In 1639, Safavid Persia and Ottoman Empire signed the Treaty of Zuhab which recognized Iraq in Ottoman control, and decisively parted the Caucasus in two between the two empires. For most of it, the Zuhab treaty was a consolidation of the Peace of Amasya of about a century earlier. Until the 18th century, the struggle between the Safavid version of Shia Islam and the Ottoman Turkish version of Sunni Islam had continued to remain an important dimension of the combative relationships between the two major empires. In the early 18th century, Persian–Ottoman peace negotiations introduced a new concept of inter-Muslim relations whereby sovereign states could co-exist as autonomous parts of the Islamic world community. Although the further relations were guided by the mutual fear of weakness and distrust, it wasn't until 1847 when Qajar Persia and Ottoman Empire reached a substantial peace Treaty of Erzurum, starting a century of peace, after centuries of rivalry. (en)
  • Sejarah hubungan Utsmaniyah–Safawi (bahasa Persia: روابط عثمانی و صفوی) dimulai dengan berdirinya dinasti Safawiyah di Persia (Iran) pada awal abad ke-16. Konflik Utsmaniyah–Safawiyah awal memuncak dalam Pertempuran Chaldiran pada tahun 1514 dan dilanjutkan oleh satu abad konfrontasi perbatasan. Pada 1639, Safawiyah Persia dan Kesultanan Utsmaniyah menandatangani Perjanjian Zuhab yang mengakui Irak dalam kendali Utsmaniyah dan mempertegas Kaukasus sebagai batas pemisah dua kekaisaran. Sebagian besar perjanjian Zuhab adalah konsolidasi Perdamaian Amasya sekitar satu abad sebelumnya. Sampai abad ke-18, perebutan pengaruh antara Islam Syiah versi Safawi dan Islam Sunni versi Turki Utsmaniyah terus menjadi dimensi penting dari hubungan agresif antara dua kekuatan besar tersebut. Pada awal abad ke-18, negosiasi perdamaian Persia-Utsmaniyah memperkenalkan konsep baru hubungan antar Muslim di mana negara-negara berdaulat dapat hidup berdampingan sebagai bagian otonom dari komunitas dunia Islam. Meskipun hubungan selanjutnya dibayang-bayangi oleh rasa takut yang saling melemahkan dan saling tidak percaya, baru pada tahun 1847 ketika Qajar Persia dan Kekaisaran Utsmaniyah mencapai perdamaian substansial melalui Perjanjian Erzurum untuk memulai satu abad perdamaian, setelah berabad-abad persaingan. (in)
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  • The history of Ottoman–Safavid relations (Persian: روابط عثمانی و صفوی) started with the establishment of Safavid dynasty in Persia (Iran) in the early 16th century. The initial Ottoman–Safavid conflict culminated in the Battle of Chaldiran in 1514, and was followed by a century of border confrontation. In 1639, Safavid Persia and Ottoman Empire signed the Treaty of Zuhab which recognized Iraq in Ottoman control, and decisively parted the Caucasus in two between the two empires. For most of it, the Zuhab treaty was a consolidation of the Peace of Amasya of about a century earlier. (en)
  • Sejarah hubungan Utsmaniyah–Safawi (bahasa Persia: روابط عثمانی و صفوی) dimulai dengan berdirinya dinasti Safawiyah di Persia (Iran) pada awal abad ke-16. Konflik Utsmaniyah–Safawiyah awal memuncak dalam Pertempuran Chaldiran pada tahun 1514 dan dilanjutkan oleh satu abad konfrontasi perbatasan. Pada 1639, Safawiyah Persia dan Kesultanan Utsmaniyah menandatangani Perjanjian Zuhab yang mengakui Irak dalam kendali Utsmaniyah dan mempertegas Kaukasus sebagai batas pemisah dua kekaisaran. Sebagian besar perjanjian Zuhab adalah konsolidasi Perdamaian Amasya sekitar satu abad sebelumnya. (in)
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  • Hubungan Safawiyah dengan Utsmaniyah (in)
  • Ottoman–Safavid relations (en)
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