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- الحملات البرتغالية على آسيا إذا كان البرتغاليون أول دولة بحرية قامت بحركة الكشوف الجغرافية، فإنهم أيضاً كانوا أول الدول الأوربية وصولاً إلى آسيا، وعلى الرغم من أن محاولات الوصول إلى آسيا قد بدأت في العقد الأول من القرن الخامس عشر، بدأها هنري الملاح (1394-1460) إلا أنها لم تتم اٍلا في أواخر القرن الخامس عشر، عندما تمكن فاسكو دا غاما البرتغالى من مواصلة السير شرق رأس الرجاء الصالح حتى وصل إلى الهند في مايو 1498. وبذلك وضع حجر الأساس للاٍستعمار البرتغالى في آسيا، والذي سبق باقى الدول الأوربية بأكثر من مائة عام. وكان متوقعاً أن يصطدم دي دا غاما بالأنظمة السياسية المحلية على ساحل الهند الغربي «الملبار»، خصوصاً بعد أن وصلت إلى أسماع أقوى هذه الأنظمة «السامريين» قبل وصول سفنه إلى الشواطئ الهندية، عن طريق التجار العرب، أخباراً عن ما يسببه وصول البرتغاليين من تحد لسلطانهم. ومع هذا وصل دا غاما إلى قاليقوط، وطلب من حاكمها الأذن له بالتجارة، وأجيب إلى طلبه. وبعد أن قايض دا غاما سِلعه بالافاويه قفل عائداً إلى بلاده ليزف إلى سيده مانويل الأول نبأ نجاحه في مهمته، والذي أدرك «أي سيدة» هو ومستشاره أنهم قد التقوا أيضاً في المحيط الهندى وجهاً لوجه مع أعدائهم الألداء العرب المسلمين – بعد أن ابلغه دي غاما دهشته لوجود العرب بقاليقوط وللسلطان الكبير الذي كانوا يحظون به لدى بلاطها – وأنهم ان لم يبذلوا جهداً هائلاً ومتواصلاً، فلن تعود عليهم منافع استكشافاتهم لهذا الطريق بأية جدوى. (ar)
- The history of the Kingdom of Portugal from the Illustrious Generation of the early 15th century to the fall of the House of Aviz in the late 16th century has been named the "Portuguese golden age" (Portuguese: Século de Ouro; "golden century") and the "Portuguese Renaissance". During this period, Portugal was the first European power to begin building a colonial empire as Portuguese sailors and explorers discovered an eastern route to India (that rounded the Cape of Good Hope) as well as several Atlantic archipelagos (like the Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde) and colonized the African coast and Brazil. They also explored the Indian Ocean and established trading routes throughout most of southern Asia, sending the first direct European maritime trade and diplomatic missions to Ming China and to Japan, at the same time installing trading posts and the most important colony: Portuguese Macau (Only in East Asia). The Portuguese Renaissance produced a plethora of poets, historians, critics, theologians, and moralists. The Cancioneiro Geral by Garcia de Resende (printed 1516) is taken to mark the transition from Old Portuguese to the modern Portuguese language. (en)
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- الحملات البرتغالية على آسيا إذا كان البرتغاليون أول دولة بحرية قامت بحركة الكشوف الجغرافية، فإنهم أيضاً كانوا أول الدول الأوربية وصولاً إلى آسيا، وعلى الرغم من أن محاولات الوصول إلى آسيا قد بدأت في العقد الأول من القرن الخامس عشر، بدأها هنري الملاح (1394-1460) إلا أنها لم تتم اٍلا في أواخر القرن الخامس عشر، عندما تمكن فاسكو دا غاما البرتغالى من مواصلة السير شرق رأس الرجاء الصالح حتى وصل إلى الهند في مايو 1498. وبذلك وضع حجر الأساس للاٍستعمار البرتغالى في آسيا، والذي سبق باقى الدول الأوربية بأكثر من مائة عام. (ar)
- The history of the Kingdom of Portugal from the Illustrious Generation of the early 15th century to the fall of the House of Aviz in the late 16th century has been named the "Portuguese golden age" (Portuguese: Século de Ouro; "golden century") and the "Portuguese Renaissance". During this period, Portugal was the first European power to begin building a colonial empire as Portuguese sailors and explorers discovered an eastern route to India (that rounded the Cape of Good Hope) as well as several Atlantic archipelagos (like the Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde) and colonized the African coast and Brazil. They also explored the Indian Ocean and established trading routes throughout most of southern Asia, sending the first direct European maritime trade and diplomatic missions to Ming China a (en)
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- تاريخ البرتغال (1415–1542) (ar)
- Chronologie der portugiesischen Entdeckungen (de)
- History of Portugal (1415–1578) (en)
- Cronologia dos descobrimentos portugueses (pt)
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- Kingdom of (en)
- Portugal and the Algarves (en)
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