| p:abstract
| - Alan Mathison Turing, OBE, FRS (, 23 June 1912 – 7 June 1954) was an English mathematician, logician, and cryptographer.
Turing is often considered to be the father of modern computer science. Turing provided an influential formalisation of the concept of the algorithm and computation with the Turing machine. With the Turing test, he made a significant and characteristically provocative contribution to the debate regarding artificial intelligence: whether it will ever be possible to say that a machine is conscious and can think. He later worked at the National Physical Laboratory, creating one of the first designs for a stored-program computer, although it was never actually built. In 1948 he moved to the University of Manchester to work on the Manchester Mark I, then emerging as one of the world's earliest true computers.
During the Second World War Turing worked at Bletchley Park, Britain's codebreaking centre, and was for a time head of Hut 8, the section responsible for German naval cryptanalysis. He devised a number of techniques for breaking German ciphers, including the method of the bombe, an electromechanical machine that could find settings for the Enigma machine.
In 1952, Turing was convicted of "acts of gross indecency" after admitting to a sexual relationship with a man in Manchester. He was placed on probation and required to undergo estrogen therapy to achieve temporary chemical castration. His father, Julius Mathison Turing, was a member of the Indian Civil Service. Julius and wife Sara (née Stoney; 1881 – 1976, daughter of Edward Waller Stoney, chief engineer of the Madras Railways) wanted Alan to be brought up in England, so they returned to Maida Vale, London, where Alan Turing was born 23 June 1912, as recorded by a blue plaque on the outside of the building, now the Colonnade Hotel. He had an elder brother, John. His father's civil service commission was still active, and during Turing's childhood years his parents travelled between Guildford, England and India, leaving their two sons to stay with friends in England. Very early in life, Turing showed signs of the genius he was to display more prominently later.
His parents enrolled him at St Michael's, a day school, at the age of six. The headmistress recognised his genius early on, as did many of his subsequent educators. In 1926, at the age of 14, he went on to Sherborne School in Dorset. His first day of term coincided with General Strike in England, but so determined was he to attend his first day that he rode his bike unaccompanied more than 60 miles from Southampton to school, stopping overnight at an inn.
Turing's natural inclination toward mathematics and science did not earn him respect with the teachers at Sherborne, a famous and expensive public school, whose definition of education placed more emphasis on the classics. His headmaster wrote to his parents: "I hope he will not fall between two schools." (en)
- Alan Mathison Turing, OBE, FRS (, 23 June 1912 – 7 June 1954) was an English mathematician, logician, and cryptographer.
Turing is often considered to be the father of modern computer science. Turing provided an influential formalisation of the concept of the algorithm and computation with the Turing machine. With the Turing test, he made a significant and characteristically provocative contribution to the debate regarding artificial intelligence: whether it will ever be possible to say that a machine is conscious and can think. He later worked at the National Physical Laboratory, creating one of the first designs for a stored-program computer, although it was never actually built. In 1948 he moved to the University of Manchester to work on the Manchester Mark I, then emerging as one of the world's earliest true computers.
During the Second World War Turing worked at Bletchley Park, Britain's codebreaking centre, and was for a time head of Hut 8, the section responsible for German naval cryptanalysis. He devised a number of techniques for breaking German ciphers, including the method of the bombe, an electromechanical machine that could find settings for the Enigma machine.
In 1952, Turing was convicted of "acts of gross indecency" after admitting to a sexual relationship with a man in Manchester. He was placed on probation and required to undergo estrogen therapy to achieve temporary chemical castration. His father, Julius Mathison Turing, was a member of the Indian Civil Service. Julius and wife Sara (née Stoney; 1881 – 1976, daughter of Edward Waller Stoney, chief engineer of the Madras Railways) wanted Alan to be brought up in England, so they returned to Maida Vale, London, where Alan Turing was born 23 June 1912, as recorded by a blue plaque on the outside of the building, now the Colonnade Hotel. He had an elder brother, John. His father's civil service commission was still active, and during Turing's childhood years his parents travelled between Guildford, England and India, leaving their two sons to stay with friends in England. Very early in life, Turing showed signs of the genius he was to display more prominently later.
His parents enrolled him at St Michael's, a day school, at the age of six. The headmistress recognised his genius early on, as did many of his subsequent educators. In 1926, at the age of 14, he went on to Sherborne School in Dorset. His first day of term coincided with General Strike in England, but so determined was he to attend his first day that he rode his bike unaccompanied more than 60 miles from Southampton to school, stopping overnight at an inn.
Turing's natural inclination toward mathematics and science did not earn him respect with the teachers at Sherborne, a famous and expensive public school, whose definition of education placed more emphasis on the classics. His headmaster wrote to his parents: "I hope he will not fall between two schools. (en)
- Alan Mathison Turing (23 de junio de 1912 - 7 de junio de 1954). Fue un matemático, científico de la informática, criptógrafo y filósofo inglés.
Se le considera uno de los padres de la Ciencia de la computación siendo el precursor de la informática moderna. Proporcionó una influyente formalización de los conceptos de algoritmo y computación: la máquina de Turing. Formuló su propia versión de la hoy ampliamente aceptada Tesis de Church-Turing, la cual postula que cualquier modelo computacional existente tiene las mismas capacidades algorítmicas, o un subconjunto, de las que tiene una máquina de Turing. Durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, trabajó en romper los códigos nazis, particularmente los de la máquina Enigma; durante un tiempo fue el director de la sección Naval Enigma del Bletchley Park. Tras la guerra diseñó uno de los primeros computadores electrónicos programables digitales en el Laboratorio Nacional de Física del Reino Unido y poco tiempo después construyó otra de las primeras máquinas en la Universidad de Manchester. Entre otras muchas cosas, también contribuyó de forma particular e incluso provocativa al enigma de si las máquinas pueden pensar, es decir a la Inteligencia Artificial." (es)
- А́лан Матисон Тью́ринг (; 23 июня 1912 — 7 июня 1954) — английский математик, логик, криптограф, изобретатель машины Тьюринга." (ru)
- Alan Mathison Turing (født 23. juni 1912, død 7. juni 1954) var en britisk matematiker som var med og grunnla datavitenskapen. Han er mest berømt for sin turingtest og sin universelle turingmaskin." (no)
- Alan Mathison Turing (* 23. Juni 1912 in London; † 7. Juni 1954 in Wilmslow) war ein britischer Logiker, Mathematiker und Kryptoanalytiker. Er schuf einen großen Teil der theoretischen Grundlagen für die moderne Informations- und Computertechnologie. Als richtungsweisend erwiesen sich auch seine Beiträge zur theoretischen Biologie.
Turing gilt heute als einer der einflussreichsten Theoretiker der frühen Computerentwicklung und Informatik. Das von ihm entwickelte Berechenbarkeitsmodell der Turingmaschine bildet eines der Fundamente der theoretischen Informatik. Während des Zweiten Weltkrieges war er maßgeblich an der Entzifferung der mit der Enigma verschlüsselten deutschen Funksprüche beteiligt. Der Großteil seiner Arbeiten blieb nach Kriegsende jedoch unter Verschluss.
Turing entwickelte 1953 eines der ersten Schachprogramme, dessen Berechnungen er mangels Hardware selbst durchführte. Nach ihm benannt ist der Turing-Preis, die bedeutendste Auszeichnung in der Informatik, sowie der Turing-Test zum Nachweis künstlicher Intelligenz." (de)
- 画像:Alan Turing.jpgアラン・チューリング
アラン・チューリング（Alan Mathison Turing, 1912年6月23日 - 1954年6月7日）はイギリスの数学者。" (ja)
- Alan Mathison Turing, född 23 juni 1912, död 7 juni 1954, var en brittisk matematiker och logiker. Han studerade vid King's College, Cambridge och sedan vid Princeton 1936-1938.
Turing är idag mest känd för turingtestet, turingmaskinen och sina insatser i andra världskriget med att knäcka tyskarnas Enigmachiffer.
År 1952 arresterades Turing anklagad för sodomi och blev därför utsatt för försök att medicinskt förändra hans läggning. Den 7 juni 1954 tog han sitt eget liv genom att äta ett äpple innehållande cyanid." (sv)
- Alan Mathison Turing (23. kesäkuuta 1912 – 7. kesäkuuta 1954) oli brittiläinen matemaatikko, logiikan tutkija ja kryptografi. Häntä pidetään yhtenä modernin tietojenkäsittelyn merkittävimmistä uranuurtajista. Hän formalisoi algoritmin ja tietojenkäsittelyn käsitteen Turingin koneeseensa. Toisen maailmansodan aikana hän johti Saksan laivaston Enigma-salakirjoituskoneen purkutyötä brittitiedustelun Bletchley Park -tukikohdassa. Sodan jälkeen hän suunnitteli yhden ensimmäisistä ohjelmoitavista digitaalisista tietokoneista ja myös rakensi prototyypin siitä Manchesterin yliopistossa. Hän esitti merkittäviä ja luonteenomaisesti provosoivia mielipiteitä keskustelussa koneiden ajattelukyvystä.
Turingin homoseksuaalisuus johti häneen kohdistuneeseen vainoon ja lopulta hänen itsemurhaansa. Hän sai tunnustuksen työstään sotasalakirjoituksen parissa vasta kuolemansa jälkeen vuonna 1970." (fi)
- Alan Mathison Turing ( - ) était un mathématicien britannique et est considéré comme un des pères fondateurs de l'informatique moderne. Il est à l'origine de la formalisation des concepts d'algorithme et de calculabilité qui ont profondément marqué cette discipline, avec la machine de Turing. Son modèle a contribué à établir définitivement la thèse de Church qui donne une définition mathématique au concept intuitif de fonction calculable. Durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, il a dirigé les recherches sur les codes secrets générés par la machine Enigma utilisée par les nazis. Après la guerre, il a travaillé sur un des tout premiers ordinateurs, puis a contribué de manière provocatrice au débat déjà houleux à cette période sur la capacité des machines à penser en établissant le test de Turing. Vers la fin de sa vie, il s'est intéressé à des modèles de morphogenèse du vivant conduisant à ce que l'on appelle les structures de Turing." (fr)
- Considerato uno dei padri dell'informatica, introdusse la macchina ideale ed il test che portano il suo nome. (it)
- Alan Mathison Turing (23 juni 1912 – 7 juni 1954) was een Britse wiskundige en informaticus (nog vóór de tijd dat het woord informatica bestond).
Tijdens zijn jeugdjaren had Turing een vriend die Christopher Morcom heette. Ze zaten samen op één school en waren zeer geïnteresseerd in de natuurwetenschappen. Later gingen ze ook samen naar Cambridge. Turing was erg gehecht aan deze vriend, maar Christopher stierf op jeugdige leeftijd in 1930. Voor Turing was dit een grote klap in zijn leven.
Na een periode van verdriet ging Turing zich bezighouden met zijn studie. Hij studeerde kwantummechanica aan de Universiteit van Cambridge. Daar maakte hij kennis met het zogeheten beslissingsprobleem, en publiceerde hij zijn artikel genaamd On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem.
Dit beslissingsprobleem laat zich als volgt omschrijven : bestaat er een algoritme om te beslissen of een wiskundige formule een bewijs heeft of niet?
Met dit artikel als basis introduceerde Turing de Logical Computing Machine. Dit gedachte-experiment werd later de Turingmachine genoemd. Na Cambridge ging Turing naar Princeton." (nl)
- Alan Mathison Turing (ur. 23 czerwca 1912 w Londynie - zm. 7 czerwca 1954 w Wilmslow) - angielski matematyk, twórca maszyny Turinga i jeden z twórców informatyki." (pl)
- Alan Mathison Turing (Londres, 23 de Junho de 1912 - 7 de Junho de 1954) foi um matemático britânico. Filho de um oficial, logo cedo se interessou pela ciência. A maior parte de seu trabalho foi desenvolvido na área de espionagem, e por isso somente em 1975 veio a ser considerado um grande nome na história da computação. Dedicava-se a teoremas que podiam ser comprovados, e à Teoria da Computabilidade. A sua preocupação depois de formado era o que se poderia fazer através da computação. Suas respostas iniciais vieram sob a forma teórica.
Aos 24 anos de idade, consagrou-se com a projeção de uma máquina que, de acordo com um sistema formal, pudesse fazer operações computacionais. Mostrou como um simples sistema automático poderia manipular símbolos de um sistema de regras próprias. A máquina teórica de Turing pode indicar que sistemas poderosos poderiam ser construídos. Tornou possível o processamento de símbolos, ligando a abstração de sistemas cognoscitivos e a realidade concreta dos números. Isto é buscado até hoje por pesquisadores de sistemas com Inteligência Artifical (IA). Para comprovar a inteligência artificial ou não de um computador, Turing desenvolveu um teste que consistia em um operador não poder diferenciar se as respostas a perguntas elaboradas pelo operador eram vindas ou não de um computador. Caso afirmativo, o computador poderia ser considerado como dotado de inteligência artifical. Sua máquina pode ser programada de tal modo que pode imitar qualquer sistema formal. A idéia de computabilidade começou a ser delineada.
Em 1943, sob sua liderança foi projetado o Colossus, computador inglês que foi utilizado na Segunda Guerra Mundial. Utilizava símbolos perfurados em fitas de papel que processava a uma velocidade de 25.000 caracteres por segundo. O Colossus tinha a missão de quebrar códigos alemães ultra-secretos produzidos por um tipo de máquina de codificação chamada Enigma. Os códigos mudavam frequentemente, obrigando a que o projeto do Colossus devesse tornar a decifração bastante rápida. Turing foi depois até os Estados Unidos da América para um projeto de transmissão de dados transatlânticos de forma segura.
Como homossexual declarado, no início dos anos 50 foi humilhado em público, impedido de acompanhar estudos sobre computadores, julgado por "vícios impróprios" e condenado a terapias à base de estrogénio, um hormônio (hormona) feminino o que, de facto, equivalia a castração química e que teve o humilhante efeito secundário de lhe fazer crescer seios. Deprimido, em 7 de Junho de 1954, com apenas 41 anos, faleceu após ter comido uma maçã envenenada. A sua morte foi oficialmente considerada como suicídio." (pt)
- 艾伦·麦席森·图灵，OBE（；也常翻譯成-{涂}-林或者杜林，），英国数学家、邏輯學家，他被视为计算机之父。
1931年图灵进入剑桥大学国王学院，毕业后到美国普林斯顿大学攻读博士学位，二战爆发后回到剑桥，后曾协助军方破解德国的著名密码系统Enigma，帮助盟军取得了二战的胜利。
图灵对于人工智能的发展有诸多贡献，例如图灵曾写过一篇名为《机器会思考吗？》（?）的论文，其中提出了一种用于判定机器是否具有智能的试验方法，即图灵试验。至今，每年都有试验的比赛。
此外，图灵提出的著名的图灵机模型为现代计算机的逻辑工作方式奠定了基础。
图灵患有严重的花粉过敏症。" (zh)
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| rdfs:comment
| - Alan Mathison Turing, OBE, FRS (, 23 June 1912 – 7 June 1954) was an English mathematician, logician, and cryptographer. (en)
- Alan Mathison Turing (23 de junio de 1912 - 7 de junio de 1954). Fue un matemático, científico de la informática, criptógrafo y filósofo inglés." (es)
- А́лан Матисон Тью́ринг (; 23 июня 1912 — 7 июня 1954) — английский математик, логик, криптограф, изобретатель машины Тьюринга." (ru)
- Alan Mathison Turing (født 23. juni 1912, død 7. juni 1954) var en britisk matematiker som var med og grunnla datavitenskapen. Han er mest berømt for sin turingtest og sin universelle turingmaskin." (no)
- Alan Mathison Turing (* 23. Juni 1912 in London; † 7. Juni 1954 in Wilmslow) war ein britischer Logiker, Mathematiker und Kryptoanalytiker. Er schuf einen großen Teil der theoretischen Grundlagen für die moderne Informations- und Computertechnologie. Als richtungsweisend erwiesen sich auch seine Beiträge zur theoretischen Biologie." (de)
- 画像:Alan Turing.jpgアラン・チューリング" (ja)
- Alan Mathison Turing, född 23 juni 1912, död 7 juni 1954, var en brittisk matematiker och logiker. Han studerade vid King's College, Cambridge och sedan vid Princeton 1936-1938." (sv)
- Alan Mathison Turing (23. kesäkuuta 1912 – 7. kesäkuuta 1954) oli brittiläinen matemaatikko, logiikan tutkija ja kryptografi. Häntä pidetään yhtenä modernin tietojenkäsittelyn merkittävimmistä uranuurtajista. Hän formalisoi algoritmin ja tietojenkäsittelyn käsitteen Turingin koneeseensa. Toisen maailmansodan aikana hän johti Saksan laivaston Enigma-salakirjoituskoneen purkutyötä brittitiedustelun Bletchley Park -tukikohdassa." (fi)
- Alan Mathison Turing ( - ) était un mathématicien britannique et est considéré comme un des pères fondateurs de l'informatique moderne. Il est à l'origine de la formalisation des concepts d'algorithme et de calculabilité qui ont profondément marqué cette discipline, avec la machine de Turing. Son modèle a contribué à établir définitivement la thèse de Church qui donne une définition mathématique au concept intuitif de fonction calculable." (fr)
- Considerato uno dei padri dell'informatica, introdusse la macchina ideale ed il test che portano il suo nome. (it)
- Alan Mathison Turing (23 juni 1912 – 7 juni 1954) was een Britse wiskundige en informaticus (nog vóór de tijd dat het woord informatica bestond)." (nl)
- Alan Mathison Turing (ur. 23 czerwca 1912 w Londynie - zm. 7 czerwca 1954 w Wilmslow) - angielski matematyk, twórca maszyny Turinga i jeden z twórców informatyki." (pl)
- Alan Mathison Turing (Londres, 23 de Junho de 1912 - 7 de Junho de 1954) foi um matemático britânico. Filho de um oficial, logo cedo se interessou pela ciência. A maior parte de seu trabalho foi desenvolvido na área de espionagem, e por isso somente em 1975 veio a ser considerado um grande nome na história da computação. Dedicava-se a teoremas que podiam ser comprovados, e à Teoria da Computabilidade." (pt)
- 艾伦·麦席森·图灵，OBE（；也常翻譯成-{涂}-林或者杜林，），英国数学家、邏輯學家，他被视为计算机之父。" (zh)
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