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Statements

Subject Item
dbr:Indian_National_Congress
rdf:type
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rdfs:label
Congrès national indien Congreso Nacional Indio Kongresspartiet Indyjski Kongres Narodowy Indický národní kongres Congrespartij Congresso Nacional Indiano 인도 국민회의 Indian National Congress Ινδικό Εθνικό Κογκρέσο (κόμμα) المؤتمر الوطني الهندي Indiako Kongresu Nazionala Barata Nacia Kongreso Kongres Nasional India Congrés Nacional Indi Indischer Nationalkongress インド国民会議 Congresso Nazionale Indiano Индийский национальный конгресс 印度国民大会党 Індійський національний конгрес
rdfs:comment
Indický národní kongres (v angličtině Indian National Congress, odtud používaná zkratka INC), někdy také Indický celonárodní kongres, Strana kongresu nebo jen Kongres, je přední indická politická strana. Strana byla založena roku 1885 Allanem Humem s cílem dosáhnout většího podílu Indů na správě země. Od roku 1920 stál v čele Národního kongresu Móhandás Karamčand Gándhí, který hlásal nenásilné metody politického boje formou občanské neposlušnosti (tzv. satjágraha), která se v meziválečné době stala základem politiky Kongresu. Po nástupu mladší a radikálnější generace vůdců do čela strany jako byl Subhás Čandra Bose (od roku 1938 předseda INK) a Džaváharlál Néhrú (pozdější první ministerský předseda nezávislé Indie) se cílem stala úplná samostatnost. Po osvobození Indie (1947) se stal Kongr De Congrespartij (ook bekend als Indian National Congress en INC) is een politieke partij in India. 인도 국민회의(힌디어: भारतीय राष्ट्रीय काँग्रेस, 영어: Indian National Congress, INC, 印度國民會議)는 1885년에 설립된 사회자유주의 정당이자 현재 야당이다. 그러나 독립 이전에는 정당으로서의 의미보다는 민족주의 운동의 구심체로서의 역할이 중심적이었고, 1947년 독립이 되면서 인도 민족주의 운동체에서 근대적 의미의 정당으로 성격을 전환하게 된다. 나렌드라 모디가 집권을 하게 되면서 야당으로 변화하였다. 1885년에 설립되었을 당시, 대영제국의 아시아, 아프리카 식민지들 중에서 처음으로 일어난 민족주의 계파 단체였으며, 19세기 후반, 특히 1920년대부터는 마하트마 간디의 지도 아래 인도 독립 운동의 주체로서 활동하였다. 인도 국민회의는 끝내 대영제국으로부터의 독립을 이루어냈으며, 이는 제국의 타 식민지들의 분리운동 움직임에 불을 붙였다는 평가를 받고 있다. Il Congresso Nazionale Indiano (in inglese Indian National Congress, INC) è un partito politico indiano secolarista. Fu fondato nel 1885 da Allan Octavian Hume, Dadabhai Naoroji e Sir Dinshaw Edulji Wacha, e divenne ben presto il riferimento politico nazionale del movimento d'indipendenza indiano, con più di 15 milioni di indiani attivi nelle sue organizzazioni e più di 70 milioni aderenti alla sua lotta contro l'imperialismo britannico. Dopo l'indipendenza del paese divenne il partito politico dominante, e la sua egemonia di consensi è stata insidiata seriamente dagli altri partiti solo dalla fine del ventesimo secolo, soprattutto dal Partito del Popolo Indiano (BJP). Il partito è a capo della coalizione (l'Alleanza Progressista Unita) che ha governato il Paese fino al 12 maggio 2014, qua O Congresso Nacional Indiano (em hindi: भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस; em inglês: Indian National Congress, INC), também conhecido como Partido do Congresso ou simplesmente Congresso, é a mais antiga das organizações políticas ativas na Índia. Fundado em 1885, foi o primeiro movimento nacionalista moderno a surgir no Império Britânico na Ásia. A partir do final do século XIX, e especialmente depois de 1920, sob a liderança de Mahatma Gandhi, líder do movimento de independência da Índia, o Congresso liderou o país à independência do Reino Unido e influenciou outros movimentos nacionalistas anticolonialistas no Império Britânico. The Indian National Congress (INC), colloquially the Congress Party but often simply the Congress, is a political party in India with widespread roots. Founded in 1885, it was the first modern nationalist movement to emerge in the British Empire in Asia and Africa. From the late 19th century, and especially after 1920, under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, the Congress became the principal leader of the Indian independence movement. The Congress led India to independence from the United Kingdom, and significantly influenced other anti-colonial nationalist movements in the British Empire. La Barata Nacia Kongreso (ankaŭ konata kiel la Partio de la Kongreso, BNK) estas unu el la ĉefaj partioj de Barato, la plej grava dum la epoko de , kaj la nuna reganta partio en tiu lando. Ĝi estis fondita en 1885, kaj havis decidan rolon en la sendependiĝo de Barato, kiam ĝi fariĝis amaspartio. Nuntempe ĝi okupas centro-maldekstran flankon en la politika areno de Barato, kaj gvidas la registaran koalicion. Dum multaj jaroj, la partion gvidis la familio Nehru-Gandhi. Ĝia nuna prezidanto estas Sonia Gandhi. 印度国民大会党（印地语：भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस；英语：Indian National Congress），簡稱印度国大党或國大黨，为印度历史最悠久的政黨，也是印度兩大主要政党之一（另一個是印度人民黨），据称有初级党员3,000万、积极党员150万。 インド国民会議（インドこくみんかいぎ、英語：Indian National Congress、略称：INC、ヒンディー語：भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस）は、インドの政党。日本語では慣例的に国民会議派、あるいはコングレス党（Congress Party）とも称される。世界ではインド人民党、中国共産党に次いで規模が大きい政党である。中道左派で社会民主主義を掲げる場合もあるが、同時に保守およびポピュリズムの傾向や、インドの財界・財閥との関係も強い。さらに経済政策に新自由主義の傾向があるとされる場合もあり、包括政党の様相を呈している。 El Congreso Nacional Indio (también conocido como el Partido del Congreso, el Congreso o INC, por sus siglas en inglés) es uno de los principales partidos políticos de India, que cuenta con una amplia base. El Congreso es un partido laico cuya plataforma socialdemócrata generalmente es considerada perteneciente al centroizquierda de la política de la India. La política social del Congreso está basada en el principio gandhiano de Sarvodaya —la elevación de todos los sectores de la sociedad—, el cual involucra la mejora de la vida de la gente económicamente desfavorecida y socialmente marginada. El Congrés Nacional Indi (Indian National Congress) conegut com a Partit del Congrés o Partit del Congrés de l'Índia (abreujat INC, català CNI, també CONG) és el principal partit polític de l'Índia. Es va fundar el 1885 per reclamar una major participació dels indis al govern, i més tard va encapçalar el moviment per la independència i va dirigir el país independent. Индийский национальный конгресс (хинди भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस), Партия конгресса или просто Конгресс — вторая по числу членов политическая партия в Индии; старейшая политическая организация страны. Основана в 1885 году. В 16-м созыве Лок сабхи по итогам всеобщих выборов 2014 года партия представлена фракцией в 49 депутатов и находится в оппозиции, потеряв по сравнению с выборами 2009 года более 160 мандатов. Der Indische Nationalkongress (INC, englisch Indian National Congress, Hindi भारतीय राष्ट्रीय काँग्रेस Bhāratīya Rāṣtrīya Kā̃gres), auch Kongresspartei oder Kongress genannt, ist eine von derzeit acht „nationalen Parteien“ Indiens (Stand 2021, vgl. Liste der politischen Parteien in Indien) und gilt neben der Bharatiya Janata Party als eine der beiden großen Parteien des Landes. Sie gilt als sozialliberal und säkular orientiert, während die Bharatiya Janata Party für eine konservative Ausrichtung und Hindu-Nationalismus steht. Indiako Kongresu Nazionala (edo Kongresuaren Alderdia edo besterik gabe Kongresua) Indiako alderdi politikorik garrantzitsuenetariko bat da. 1885ean sortu zen, Mumbain, eta lehen mugimendu nazionalista modernoa izan zen. Eginkizun erabakigarria izan zuen Indiako independentzia prozesuan, eta gaur egun ere protagonismo handia du Indiako politikagintzan. Indiako Kongresu Nazionalaren sustraiei begira, jatorria XIX. mendeko hinduen mugimendu nazionalistan dauka; Mehtak, Gopal Krishnak eta Gokhalek fundatua. Independentzia garaia heldu zenean, 1947an, estatuko alderdi nagusia bihurtu zen. Indyjski Kongres Narodowy (znany też jako Partia Kongresowa, ang. Indian National Congress, hindi भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस) – największa partia polityczna Indii. و مهاتما غاندي في المؤتمر الوطني الهندي المعارض بشدة لتقسيم الهند الكونغرس الهندي هو حزب سياسي واسع القاعدة في الهند. أُسّس في عام 1885 ، وكان أول حركة قومية حديثة ظهرت في الإمبراطورية البريطانية في آسيا و أفريقيا. من أواخر القرن التاسع عشر، وخاصة بعد عام 1920، تحت قيادة المهاتما غاندي، أصبح الكونجرس الرئيسي زعيم حركة استقلال الهند. قاد الكونجرس الهند إلى الاستقلال عن بريطانيا العظمى، وأثَّر بقوة على الحركات القومية الأخرى المناهضة للاستعمار في الإمبراطورية البريطانية. Kongresspartiet, officiellt Indiska nationalkongressen (engelska: Indian National Congress), är Indiens äldsta politiska parti och grundades 1885. Efter Indiens självständighet från Storbritannien 1947 har partiet under många år suttit vid regeringsmakten. På senare år har dock det hindunationalistiska BJP blivit en allvarlig konkurrent om makten. Kongresspartiet betraktas som ett sekulärt mittenparti, med socialistisk grundsyn. Partiet orienterade sig under kalla kriget mot Sovjetunionen och Indien blev ledande inom den så kallade Alliansfria staternas samarbetsorganisation. Kongres Nasional India (Indian National Congress) atau dikenal dengan Partai Kongres atau Kongres I (yang berarti "Indira", untuk membedakannya dengan partai pecahannya, yang disebut "Kongres O" yang dipimpin oleh K. Kamaraj, seorang tokoh politik dari Tamil Nadu). Partai yang namanya biasa disingkat INC ini adalah partai politik besar di India, dengan lebih dari 15 juta orang yang terlibat dalam organisasinya dan lebih dari 70 juta orang ikut serta dalam perjuangannya melawan Imperium Britania. Setelah kemerdekaan pada 1947, partai ini menjadi partai politik yang dominan di negara itu. Dalam Lok Sabha (Parlemen) ke-14 (2004-2009), 145 anggota INC, kelompok yang terbesar di antara semua partai lainnya, duduk sebagai anggotanya. Saat ini partai ini adalah anggota utama dari pemerintahan koa Інді́йський націона́льний конгре́с (англ. Indian National Congress-I, INC) — одна з головних політичних партій Індії. Το Ινδικό Εθνικό Κογκρέσο ( (βοήθεια·πολυμέσα)) ( (βοήθεια·πολυμέσα)) (ΙΕΚ, συχνά αποκαλούμενο Κόμμα Κογκρέσου ή απλά Κογκρέσο) είναι πολιτικό κόμμα στην Ινδία με μεγάλη ιστορία. Ιδρυμένο το 1885, το Ινδικό Εθνικό Κογκρέσο ήταν το πρώτο σύγχρονο εθνικιστικό κίνημα που εμφανίστηκε στη Βρετανική Αυτοκρατορία της Ασίας και της Αφρικής. Από τα τέλη του 19ου αιώνα, και ιδιαίτερα μετά το 1920, υπό την ηγεσία του Μαχάτμα Γκάντι, το Κογκρέσο αναδείχθηκε σε κύριο ηγέτη του Ινδικού Κινήματος Ανεξαρτησίας. Το Κογκρέσο οδήγησε την Ινδία στην ανεξαρτησία από τη Μεγάλη Βρετανία, και επηρέασε έντονα και άλλα αντι-αποικιακά εθνικιστικά κινήματα στη βρετανική αυτοκρατορία. Le Congrès national indien (en hindi : भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस ; en anglais : Indian National Congress ou INC) est l'un des principaux partis politiques d'Inde. Le Congrès a été fondé en 1885, pendant le Raj britannique. Il devient, à partir du début du XXe siècle, l'acteur majeur du mouvement pour l'indépendance de l'Inde, rassemblant plus de 15 millions de membres dans son opposition à la colonisation. À partir de 1915, le Mahatma Gandhi en devient une des figures principales, aux côtés de Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallabhbhai Patel.
rdfs:seeAlso
dbr:India dbr:List_of_chief_ministers_from_the_Indian_National_Congress dbr:Indian_independence_movement dbr:The_Emergency_(India) dbr:List_of_presidents_of_the_Indian_National_Congress dbr:The_Sri_Lankan_Civil_War dbr:Economic_liberalisation dbr:Premiership_of_Lal_Bahadur_Shastri dbr:Indian_intervention
dbp:name
Indian National Congress
foaf:depiction
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"India might be an ancient country but was a young democracy and as such should remain vigilant against the domination of few over the social, economic or political systems. Banks should be publicly owned so that they catered to not just large industries and big businesses but also agriculturists, small industries and entrepreneurs. Furthermore, the private banks had been functioning erratically with hundreds of them failing and causing loss to the depositors who were given no guarantee against such loss."
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—Gandhi’s remarks after the nationalisation of private banks.
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El Congrés Nacional Indi (Indian National Congress) conegut com a Partit del Congrés o Partit del Congrés de l'Índia (abreujat INC, català CNI, també CONG) és el principal partit polític de l'Índia. Es va fundar el 1885 per reclamar una major participació dels indis al govern, i més tard va encapçalar el moviment per la independència i va dirigir el país independent. Το Ινδικό Εθνικό Κογκρέσο ( (βοήθεια·πολυμέσα)) ( (βοήθεια·πολυμέσα)) (ΙΕΚ, συχνά αποκαλούμενο Κόμμα Κογκρέσου ή απλά Κογκρέσο) είναι πολιτικό κόμμα στην Ινδία με μεγάλη ιστορία. Ιδρυμένο το 1885, το Ινδικό Εθνικό Κογκρέσο ήταν το πρώτο σύγχρονο εθνικιστικό κίνημα που εμφανίστηκε στη Βρετανική Αυτοκρατορία της Ασίας και της Αφρικής. Από τα τέλη του 19ου αιώνα, και ιδιαίτερα μετά το 1920, υπό την ηγεσία του Μαχάτμα Γκάντι, το Κογκρέσο αναδείχθηκε σε κύριο ηγέτη του Ινδικού Κινήματος Ανεξαρτησίας. Το Κογκρέσο οδήγησε την Ινδία στην ανεξαρτησία από τη Μεγάλη Βρετανία, και επηρέασε έντονα και άλλα αντι-αποικιακά εθνικιστικά κινήματα στη βρετανική αυτοκρατορία. Το Κογκρέσο είναι ένα πολυσυλλεκτικό κόμμα, του οποίου το σοσιαλδημοκρατικό πρόγραμμα κατατάσσεται γενικά στην κεντροαριστερά της ινδικής πολιτικής. Η κοινωνική πολιτική του Κογκρέσου βασίζεται στη γκαντιανή αρχή της - η αναβάθμιση όλων των τμημάτων της κοινωνίας - η οποία συνεπάγεται τη βελτίωση της ζωής των οικονομικά ασθενέστερων και κοινωνικά περιθωριοποιημένων κοινωνικών ομάδων. Το κόμμα υποστηρίζει κυρίως τη σοσιαλδημοκρατική ατζέντα, που επιδιώκει να εξισορροπήσει τον ατομικό φιλελευθερισμό και τον προοδευτισμό, την ευημερία και τον κοσμικισμό. Το καταστατικό του δηλώνει πως ιδανικό του είναι ο δημοκρατικός σοσιαλισμός. Μετά την ανεξαρτησία της Ινδίας το 1947, το Κογκρέσο δημιούργησε την κεντρική κυβέρνηση της Ινδίας, καθώς και πολλές περιφερειακές κυβερνήσεις σε πολιτειακό επίπεδο. Το Κογκρέσο αναδείχθηκε σε κυρίαρχο πολιτικό κόμμα της Ινδίας: έως το 2019, στις 17 γενικές εκλογές που έχουν διεξαχθεί μετά την ανεξαρτησία, το ΙΕΚ έχει κερδίσει επτά φορές με καθαρή πλειοψηφία και έχει ηγηθεί του κυβερνώντος συνασπισμού σε τρεις ακόμη περιστάσεις, όντας συνολικά επικεφαλής της κεντρικής κυβέρνησης για περισσότερα από 54 χρόνια. Έξι μέλη του Κογκρέσου έχουν διατελέσει μέχρι τώρα πρωθυπουργοί της Ινδίας, με πρώτο τον Τζαβαχαρλάν Νεχρού (1947-1964) και πιο πρόσφατο τον Μανμοχάν Σινγκ (2004-2014). Παρ' όλο που δεν είχε καλές επιδόσεις στις δύο τελευταίες γενικές εκλογές της Ινδίας το 2014 και το 2019, παραμένει ένα από τα δύο μεγάλα πανεθνικά πολιτικά κόμματα στην Ινδία, μαζί με το δεξιό, ινδουιστικο-εθνικιστικό κόμμα Μπαρατίγια Τζανάτα (BJP). Στις γενικές εκλογές του 2014, το Κογκρέσο είχε τις φτωχότερες γενικές εκλογικές αποδόσεις μετά την ανεξαρτησία της χώρας, κερδίζοντας μόνο 44 έδρες από τις 543 συνολικά του Οίκου του Λαού. Από το 2004 έως το 2014, η Ενωμένη Προοδευτική Συμμαχία, ένας συνασπισμός του Κογκρέσου με αρκετά περιφερειακά κόμματα, σχημάτισε την ινδική κυβέρνηση υπό την ηγεσία του Μανμοχάν Σινγκ, πρωθυπουργού της Ινδίας, ως επικεφαλής της κυβέρνησης συνασπισμού. Ηγέτης του κόμματος κατά τη διάρκεια της περιόδου αυτής ήταν η Σόνια Γκάντι, η οποία είναι η μακροβιότερη πρόεδρος του κόμματος μέχρι σήμερα. Μέχρι τον Ιούλιο του 2019, το κόμμα ελέγχει πέντε νομοθετικές συνελεύσεις, στις περιφέρειες: Παντζάμπ Ρατζαστάν, Τσατσίγκαρ, Μαντία Πραντές και την ενιαία επικράτεια της Πουντουτσέρι (σε συμμαχία με το κόμμα ). Інді́йський націона́льний конгре́с (англ. Indian National Congress-I, INC) — одна з головних політичних партій Індії. 인도 국민회의(힌디어: भारतीय राष्ट्रीय काँग्रेस, 영어: Indian National Congress, INC, 印度國民會議)는 1885년에 설립된 사회자유주의 정당이자 현재 야당이다. 그러나 독립 이전에는 정당으로서의 의미보다는 민족주의 운동의 구심체로서의 역할이 중심적이었고, 1947년 독립이 되면서 인도 민족주의 운동체에서 근대적 의미의 정당으로 성격을 전환하게 된다. 나렌드라 모디가 집권을 하게 되면서 야당으로 변화하였다. 1885년에 설립되었을 당시, 대영제국의 아시아, 아프리카 식민지들 중에서 처음으로 일어난 민족주의 계파 단체였으며, 19세기 후반, 특히 1920년대부터는 마하트마 간디의 지도 아래 인도 독립 운동의 주체로서 활동하였다. 인도 국민회의는 끝내 대영제국으로부터의 독립을 이루어냈으며, 이는 제국의 타 식민지들의 분리운동 움직임에 불을 붙였다는 평가를 받고 있다. 인도 국민회의는 포괄정당의 성격을 가지며, 주된 정치적 성향은 사회자유주의, 온건 세속주의 성향으로 여겨진다. 주된 정책 강령은 마하트마 간디의 '사르보다야'(Sarvodaya)에 기반하고 있다. 사르보다야란 경제적으로 혜택을 받지 못한 빈곤층들, 사회에서 소외된 자들까지 포함하여 사회 전반적인 질을 높여다가야 한다는 이념이다. 인도 국민회의는 이와 같은 강령을 토대로, 사회 정의, 자유, 평등, 복지 국가, 진보적이고 세속주의적인 국가 정치관 등을 고수하고 있다. 1947년에 인도가 독립한 이후, 인도 국민회의는 인도 연방정부에서 주류를 차지하였으며, 이어 세워진 지방 주 정부들에서도 주도권을 잡았다. 17번의 총선들 중, 첫 7번을 연달아 압도적으로 승리하였으며, 이후 3번의 선거에서도 의회의 과반수를 차지하여 중앙 정부를 약 54년이 넘는 기간 동안 장악하였다. 6명의 총리들을 배출하였는데, 예를 들어 자와할랄 네루 총리, 가장 최근의 만모한 싱 총리 등이 있다. 2014년과 2019년에 치러진 총선에서는 그다지 좋은 성적을 거두지 못하였으나, 인도 국민회의는 여전히 인도 인민당과 함께 인도의 양당 체제에서 한 축을 담당하며 존재감을 드러내고 있다. 다만 2014년에 치러진 총선에서는 인도의 하원격인 로크 사바에서 44석을 겨우 차지하며 참패하였다. 2004년부터 2014년까지 인도의 중도좌파 정당들의 동맹인 통합진보동맹이 주축이 되어 만모한 싱 총리의 주도 아래 중앙정부를 구성하였으며, 이 기간동안 소냐 간디가 당의 당수를 맡아 독립 이후 최장수 대표가 되었다. 인도 국민회의는 2019년의 총선에서도 참패하며 펀자브, 라자스탄 등 일부 지역들에서만 겨우 세력을 유지하고 있다. De Congrespartij (ook bekend als Indian National Congress en INC) is een politieke partij in India. La Barata Nacia Kongreso (ankaŭ konata kiel la Partio de la Kongreso, BNK) estas unu el la ĉefaj partioj de Barato, la plej grava dum la epoko de , kaj la nuna reganta partio en tiu lando. Ĝi estis fondita en 1885, kaj havis decidan rolon en la sendependiĝo de Barato, kiam ĝi fariĝis amaspartio. Nuntempe ĝi okupas centro-maldekstran flankon en la politika areno de Barato, kaj gvidas la registaran koalicion. Dum multaj jaroj, la partion gvidis la familio Nehru-Gandhi. Ĝia nuna prezidanto estas Sonia Gandhi. Il Congresso Nazionale Indiano (in inglese Indian National Congress, INC) è un partito politico indiano secolarista. Fu fondato nel 1885 da Allan Octavian Hume, Dadabhai Naoroji e Sir Dinshaw Edulji Wacha, e divenne ben presto il riferimento politico nazionale del movimento d'indipendenza indiano, con più di 15 milioni di indiani attivi nelle sue organizzazioni e più di 70 milioni aderenti alla sua lotta contro l'imperialismo britannico. Dopo l'indipendenza del paese divenne il partito politico dominante, e la sua egemonia di consensi è stata insidiata seriamente dagli altri partiti solo dalla fine del ventesimo secolo, soprattutto dal Partito del Popolo Indiano (BJP). Il partito è a capo della coalizione (l'Alleanza Progressista Unita) che ha governato il Paese fino al 12 maggio 2014, quando il BJP ha vinto le elezioni portando al governo Narendra Modi. Presidente del partito è Sonia Gandhi. Il 28 gennaio 2007, incontrando a Nuova Delhi il presidente dell'Internazionale Socialista, Giōrgos Papandreou, Sonia Gandhi ha chiesto l'ammissione del Partito del Congresso come membro a pieno titolo della famiglia socialista internazionale. Indyjski Kongres Narodowy (znany też jako Partia Kongresowa, ang. Indian National Congress, hindi भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस) – największa partia polityczna Indii. Indiako Kongresu Nazionala (edo Kongresuaren Alderdia edo besterik gabe Kongresua) Indiako alderdi politikorik garrantzitsuenetariko bat da. 1885ean sortu zen, Mumbain, eta lehen mugimendu nazionalista modernoa izan zen. Eginkizun erabakigarria izan zuen Indiako independentzia prozesuan, eta gaur egun ere protagonismo handia du Indiako politikagintzan. Indiako Kongresu Nazionalaren sustraiei begira, jatorria XIX. mendeko hinduen mugimendu nazionalistan dauka; Mehtak, Gopal Krishnak eta Gokhalek fundatua. Independentzia garaia heldu zenean, 1947an, estatuko alderdi nagusia bihurtu zen. 印度国民大会党（印地语：भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस；英语：Indian National Congress），簡稱印度国大党或國大黨，为印度历史最悠久的政黨，也是印度兩大主要政党之一（另一個是印度人民黨），据称有初级党员3,000万、积极党员150万。 Kongresspartiet, officiellt Indiska nationalkongressen (engelska: Indian National Congress), är Indiens äldsta politiska parti och grundades 1885. Efter Indiens självständighet från Storbritannien 1947 har partiet under många år suttit vid regeringsmakten. På senare år har dock det hindunationalistiska BJP blivit en allvarlig konkurrent om makten. Kongresspartiet betraktas som ett sekulärt mittenparti, med socialistisk grundsyn. Partiet orienterade sig under kalla kriget mot Sovjetunionen och Indien blev ledande inom den så kallade Alliansfria staternas samarbetsorganisation. Kongresspartiet gick segrande ur de allmänna valen till det indiska underhuset Lok Sabha i april-maj 2004. Våren 2009 gick Kongresspartiet framåt och man erhöll hela 206 mandat i underhuset - partiets bästa resultat sedan 1991. Den valallians man deltog i väntades få drygt 250 mandat. The Indian National Congress (INC), colloquially the Congress Party but often simply the Congress, is a political party in India with widespread roots. Founded in 1885, it was the first modern nationalist movement to emerge in the British Empire in Asia and Africa. From the late 19th century, and especially after 1920, under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, the Congress became the principal leader of the Indian independence movement. The Congress led India to independence from the United Kingdom, and significantly influenced other anti-colonial nationalist movements in the British Empire. Congress is one of the two major political parties in India, along with its main rival the Bharatiya Janata Party. It is a "big tent" party whose platform is generally considered to lie in the centre to centre-left of Indian politics. After Indian independence in 1947, Congress emerged as a catch-all and religion-neutral party, dominating Indian politics for the next 20 years. The party's first prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, led the Congress to support socialist policies by creating the Planning Commission, introducing Five-Year Plans, implementing a mixed economy, and establishing a secular state. After Nehru's death and the short tenure of Lal Bahadur Shastri, Indira Gandhi became the leader of the party. In the 17 general elections since independence, it has won an outright majority on seven occasions and has led the ruling coalition a further three times, heading the central government for more than 54 years. There have been six Prime Ministers from the Congress party, the first being Nehru (1947–1964), and the most recent Manmohan Singh (2004–2014). In 1969, the party suffered a major split, with a faction led by Indira Gandhi leaving to form the Congress (R), with the remainder becoming the Congress (O). The Congress (R) became the dominant faction, winning the 1971 general election with a huge margin. However, another split occurred in 1979, leading to the creation of the Congress (I), which was recognized as the Congress by the Electoral Commission in 1981. Under Rajiv Gandhi's leadership, the party won a massive victory in the 1984 general elections, nevertheless losing the election held in 1989 to the National Front. The Congress then returned to power under P. V. Narasimha Rao, who moved the party towards an economically liberal agenda, a sharp break from previous leaders. However, it lost the 1996 general election and was replaced in government by the National Front (then the BJP). After a record eight years out of office, the Congress-led coalition known as the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) under Manmohan Singh formed a government post-winning 2004 general elections. Subsequently, the UPA again formed the government after winning the 2009 general elections, and Singh became the first Prime Minister since Nehru in 1962 to be re-elected after completing a full five-year term. However, in the 2014 general election, the Congress suffered a heavy defeat, winning only 48 seats of the 543-member Lok Sabha (the lower house of the Parliament of India). On social issues, it advocates secular policies that encourage equal opportunity, right to health, civil liberty, and support mixed economy, and a strong welfare state. Being a centrist party, its policies predominantly reflected balanced positions including secularism, egalitarianism, and social stratification. The INC supports contemporary economic reforms such as liberalisation, globalisation, and strategic disinvestment. A total of 61 people have served as the president of the INC since its formation. Sonia Gandhi is the longest-serving president of the party, having held office for over twenty years from 1998 to 2017 and again from 2019 till 2022. The district party is the smallest functional unit of Congress. There is also a Pradesh Congress Committee (PCC), present at the state level in every state. Together, the delegates from the districts and PCCs form the All India Congress Committee (AICC). The party is also organized into several committees and sections. Kongres Nasional India (Indian National Congress) atau dikenal dengan Partai Kongres atau Kongres I (yang berarti "Indira", untuk membedakannya dengan partai pecahannya, yang disebut "Kongres O" yang dipimpin oleh K. Kamaraj, seorang tokoh politik dari Tamil Nadu). Partai yang namanya biasa disingkat INC ini adalah partai politik besar di India, dengan lebih dari 15 juta orang yang terlibat dalam organisasinya dan lebih dari 70 juta orang ikut serta dalam perjuangannya melawan Imperium Britania. Setelah kemerdekaan pada 1947, partai ini menjadi partai politik yang dominan di negara itu. Dalam Lok Sabha (Parlemen) ke-14 (2004-2009), 145 anggota INC, kelompok yang terbesar di antara semua partai lainnya, duduk sebagai anggotanya. Saat ini partai ini adalah anggota utama dari pemerintahan koalisi yang didukung oleh . Индийский национальный конгресс (хинди भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस), Партия конгресса или просто Конгресс — вторая по числу членов политическая партия в Индии; старейшая политическая организация страны. Основана в 1885 году. В 16-м созыве Лок сабхи по итогам всеобщих выборов 2014 года партия представлена фракцией в 49 депутатов и находится в оппозиции, потеряв по сравнению с выборами 2009 года более 160 мандатов. От лояльной оппозиции британскому колониальному режиму перешла в 1920-х гг. к активной борьбе за национальную независимость, превратившись в массовую партию. Основой программы ИНК стали принципы гандизма. После завоевания Индией независимости (1947) ИНК до марта 1977 года — правящая партия, возвращалась к власти в 1980—1989, 1991—1996 гг. и в 2004—2014 годах. Лидерами партии являются президент ИНК Рахул Ганди (род. 1970), его мать Соня Ганди (род. 1946, президент ИНК в 1998—2017 годах), лидер фракции ИНК в Лок сабхе Малликаджун Хардж (род. 1942), лидер фракции ИНК и лидер оппозиции в Раджья сабхе Гулам Наби Азад (род. 1949). Der Indische Nationalkongress (INC, englisch Indian National Congress, Hindi भारतीय राष्ट्रीय काँग्रेस Bhāratīya Rāṣtrīya Kā̃gres), auch Kongresspartei oder Kongress genannt, ist eine von derzeit acht „nationalen Parteien“ Indiens (Stand 2021, vgl. Liste der politischen Parteien in Indien) und gilt neben der Bharatiya Janata Party als eine der beiden großen Parteien des Landes. Sie gilt als sozialliberal und säkular orientiert, während die Bharatiya Janata Party für eine konservative Ausrichtung und Hindu-Nationalismus steht. Die Kongresspartei wurde 1885 gegründet und ist eine der ältesten demokratischen Parteien der Welt. Sie war die führende Bewegung des indischen Unabhängigkeitskampfes. Zahlreiche andere, vor allem regionale Parteien sind aus Abspaltungen entstanden. Lange Zeit war sie die dominierende politische Partei Indiens und aus ihren Reihen kamen die meisten Premierminister und Staatspräsidenten Indiens. و مهاتما غاندي في المؤتمر الوطني الهندي المعارض بشدة لتقسيم الهند الكونغرس الهندي هو حزب سياسي واسع القاعدة في الهند. أُسّس في عام 1885 ، وكان أول حركة قومية حديثة ظهرت في الإمبراطورية البريطانية في آسيا و أفريقيا. من أواخر القرن التاسع عشر، وخاصة بعد عام 1920، تحت قيادة المهاتما غاندي، أصبح الكونجرس الرئيسي زعيم حركة استقلال الهند. قاد الكونجرس الهند إلى الاستقلال عن بريطانيا العظمى، وأثَّر بقوة على الحركات القومية الأخرى المناهضة للاستعمار في الإمبراطورية البريطانية. الكونغرس هو حزب علماني يعتبر برنامجه الاجتماعي الديمقراطي على أنه يسار الوسط السياسي الهندي. ترتكز السياسة الاجتماعية للكونغرس على مبدأ رفع جميع قطاعات المجتمع - والذي ينطوي على تحسين حياة المحرومين اقتصاديا والمهمشين اجتماعيا. يؤيد الحزب في المقام الأول الديمقراطية الاجتماعية التي تسعى إلى تحقيق التوازن بين الحرية الفردية والعدالة الاجتماعية والرفاهية والعلمانية وتأكيد الحق في التحرر من الحكم الديني والتعاليم الدينية. وينص الدستور على أن الاشتراكية الديموقراطية هي الطريقة المثالية. بعد استقلال الهند في عام 1947 ، شكّل الكونغرس الحكومة المركزية للهند، والعديد من حكومات الولايات الإقليمية. أصبح الكونغرس الحزب السياسي المهيمن في الهند. اعتبارا من عام 2015، في الانتخابات العامة الـ15 منذ الاستقلال، فازت بأغلبية صريحة في ست مناسبات وقادت الائتلاف الحاكم أربع مرات أخرى، على رأس الحكومة المركزية لمدة 49 عاما. كان هناك سبعة رؤساء وزراء تولوا رئاسة المؤتمر الوطني، أولهم جواهر لال نهرو(1947-1964) ، وآخرهم مانموهان سينغ(2004-2014). على الرغم من أنه لم يحقق نتائج جيدة في الانتخابات العامة الأخيرة في الهند عام 2014 ، إلا أنه لا يزال واحدا من الحزبين السياسيين الرئيسيين على مستوى البلاد في الهند، إلى جانب حزب الجناح اليميني الهندوسي، بهاراتيا جاناتا في الانتخابات العامة لعام 2014، حصل الكونغرس على أفقر أداء في الانتخابات العامة بعد الاستقلال، حيث فاز بـ 44 مقعدًا فقط من 542 عضواً في لوك سابها. من 2004 إلى 2014، شكّل التحالف التقدمي المتحد، وهو ائتلاف للكونغرس مع العديد من الأحزاب الإقليمية، الحكومة الهندية بقيادة الدكتور مانموهان سينغ، رئيس الوزراء كرئيس للحكومة الائتلافية. زعيم الحزب خلال هذه الفترة، سونيا غاندي خدم أطول فترة كرئيس للحزب.}} عقد المؤتمر الوطني الهندي دورته الأولى في بومباي من 28-31 ديسمبر 1885 بمبادرة من ضابط الخدمة المدنية المتقاعد ألان أوكتافيان هيوم. في عام 1883، حدد هيوم فكرته عن هيئة تمثل المصالح الهندية في رسالة مفتوحة لخريجي جامعة كلكتا. كان هدفها الحصول على حصة أكبر في الحكومة للهنود المثقفين، وخلق منبر للحوار المدني والسياسي بينهم وبين الراج البريطاني. أخذ هيوم المبادرة، وفي مارس 1885 صدر إشعار بعقد الاجتماع الأول للاتحاد الوطني الهندي الذي سيعقد في بونا في ديسمبر التالي. بسبب تفشي الكوليرا هناك، تم نقله إلى مومباي. インド国民会議（インドこくみんかいぎ、英語：Indian National Congress、略称：INC、ヒンディー語：भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस）は、インドの政党。日本語では慣例的に国民会議派、あるいはコングレス党（Congress Party）とも称される。世界ではインド人民党、中国共産党に次いで規模が大きい政党である。中道左派で社会民主主義を掲げる場合もあるが、同時に保守およびポピュリズムの傾向や、インドの財界・財閥との関係も強い。さらに経済政策に新自由主義の傾向があるとされる場合もあり、包括政党の様相を呈している。 Indický národní kongres (v angličtině Indian National Congress, odtud používaná zkratka INC), někdy také Indický celonárodní kongres, Strana kongresu nebo jen Kongres, je přední indická politická strana. Strana byla založena roku 1885 Allanem Humem s cílem dosáhnout většího podílu Indů na správě země. Od roku 1920 stál v čele Národního kongresu Móhandás Karamčand Gándhí, který hlásal nenásilné metody politického boje formou občanské neposlušnosti (tzv. satjágraha), která se v meziválečné době stala základem politiky Kongresu. Po nástupu mladší a radikálnější generace vůdců do čela strany jako byl Subhás Čandra Bose (od roku 1938 předseda INK) a Džaváharlál Néhrú (pozdější první ministerský předseda nezávislé Indie) se cílem stala úplná samostatnost. Po osvobození Indie (1947) se stal Kongres nejsilnější stranou v zemi. Ve volbách roku 1951 obdržel Kongres 45 % a místo premiéra zaujal Džaváharlál Néhrú. Strana zastávala socialistické a protikoloniální myšlenky, dnes ji lze považovat za stranu sociálně demokratickou,[zdroj?] je členem Socialistické internacionály a Progresivní aliance. Při volbách v roce 2004 obdržel INK 103 milionů hlasů (26,7 %) a 145 mandátů. Předsedkyní strany je Sonia Gándhíová. El Congreso Nacional Indio (también conocido como el Partido del Congreso, el Congreso o INC, por sus siglas en inglés) es uno de los principales partidos políticos de India, que cuenta con una amplia base. Fundado en 1885, el Partido del Congreso fue el primer movimiento nacionalista moderno que emergió en el Imperio británico en Asia y África. Desde finales del siglo XIX, y especialmente a partir de 1920 bajo el liderazgo de Mahatma Gandhi, el Congreso lideró el movimiento de independencia indio, con alrededor de 15 millones de personas participando en la organización y otros setenta millones apoyando la lucha contra la opresión del Imperio británico en el país. El Congreso lideró a India a su independencia del Reino Unido, e influyó potentemente en otros movimientos nacionalistas anti-coloniales en el Imperio británico. Tras la llegada de la independencia en 1947, el CNI se convirtió en el principal partido del país. El Congreso es un partido laico cuya plataforma socialdemócrata generalmente es considerada perteneciente al centroizquierda de la política de la India. La política social del Congreso está basada en el principio gandhiano de Sarvodaya —la elevación de todos los sectores de la sociedad—, el cual involucra la mejora de la vida de la gente económicamente desfavorecida y socialmente marginada. Aunque el Congreso Nacional Indio fue el artífice del giro neoliberal de la India en la década de 1980, emprendió un giro a la izquierda de cara a las elecciones legislativas de 2019: garantía de ingresos mínimos para los más pobres, medidas para combatir la contaminación y revisión de las leyes de emergencia que permiten al ejército reprimir impunemente en Cachemira.​ Durante la 17.ª legislatura (2014-2019), sus 44 diputados forman el segundo mayor contingente parlamentario. El partido a su vez lidera la coalición UPA. Le Congrès national indien (en hindi : भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस ; en anglais : Indian National Congress ou INC) est l'un des principaux partis politiques d'Inde. Le Congrès a été fondé en 1885, pendant le Raj britannique. Il devient, à partir du début du XXe siècle, l'acteur majeur du mouvement pour l'indépendance de l'Inde, rassemblant plus de 15 millions de membres dans son opposition à la colonisation. À partir de 1915, le Mahatma Gandhi en devient une des figures principales, aux côtés de Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallabhbhai Patel. Après l'Indépendance en 1947, le Congrès domine la vie politique indienne jusqu'à la fin des années 1970 sous la conduite des Premiers ministres Jawaharlal Nehru, Lal Bahadur Shastri et Indira Gandhi qui adoptent une politique d'inspiration socialiste. Il est depuis confronté à l'opposition d'abord du Janata Party puis de partis régionaux et du Bharatiya Janata Party. Dans les années 1990, le Congrès préside à la libéralisation de l'économie indienne. Le Congrès est au pouvoir de 2004 à 2014 sous la direction du Premier ministre Manmohan Singh au sein de l'Alliance progressiste unie. Il connait en 2014 sa pire défaite depuis l'Indépendance, ne remportant que 44 sièges à la Lok Sabha. Dans le paysage politique indien, le Congrès est considéré comme un parti de centre gauche et il se réclame de la laïcité, de la justice sociale et du développement inclusif. O Congresso Nacional Indiano (em hindi: भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस; em inglês: Indian National Congress, INC), também conhecido como Partido do Congresso ou simplesmente Congresso, é a mais antiga das organizações políticas ativas na Índia. Fundado em 1885, foi o primeiro movimento nacionalista moderno a surgir no Império Britânico na Ásia. A partir do final do século XIX, e especialmente depois de 1920, sob a liderança de Mahatma Gandhi, líder do movimento de independência da Índia, o Congresso liderou o país à independência do Reino Unido e influenciou outros movimentos nacionalistas anticolonialistas no Império Britânico. O INC é um dos dois maiores partidos políticos da Índia, juntamente com seu maior rival, o Partido do Povo Indiano. É um partido pega-tudo cuja plataforma é geralmente considerada "centrista" na política indiana. Após a independência da Índia em 1947, emergiu como um partido abrangente, dominando a política indiana pelos 20 anos seguintes. Seu primeiro membro a tornar-se primeiro-ministro, Jawaharlal Nehru, apoiou políticas socialistas criando a Comissão de Planejamento, introduzindo Planos Quinquenais, implementando uma economia mista e estabelecendo um estado laico. Após a morte de Nehru e o curto mandato de Lal Bahadur Shastri, Indira Gandhi tornou-se a líder do partido e o fez adepto do protecionismo. Nas 17 eleições desde a independência, ela conquistou a maioria absoluta em sete ocasiões e liderou a coalizão governante mais três vezes, liderando o governo central por mais de 54 anos. Houveram seis primeiros-ministros membros do partido, sendo o primeiro Nehru (1947-1964) e o mais recente Manmohan Singh (2004-2014). Em 1969, sofreu uma grande cisão, com uma facção liderada por Indira Gandhi saindo para formar o Congresso (R), deixando o restante como Congresso (O). O Congresso (D) tornou-se a facção dominante, vencendo as eleições gerais de 1971 com uma enorme margem. No entanto, outra divisão ocorreu em 1979, levando à criação do Congresso (I), que foi reconhecido como o Congresso pela Comissão Eleitoral indiana em 1981. Sob a liderança de Rajiv Gandhi, o partido obteve uma vitória maciça nas eleições gerais de 1984 mas perdeu a eleição realizada em 1989 para a Frente Nacional. Posteriormente, voltou ao poder liderado por P.V. Narasimha Rao, que buscou fazer o partido adotar uma agenda economicamente liberal. Porém, perdeu as eleições gerais de 1996 e foi substituído no governo pela Frente Nacional (então Partido do Povo Indiano). Após oito anos fora do cargo, a coalizão liderada pelo Congresso, conhecida como Aliança Progressista Unida (UPA), sob a liderança de Manmohan Singh formou governo após vencer as eleições gerais de 2004 e 2009. Singh tornou-se o primeiro primeiro-ministro desde Nehru a ser reeleito após completar um mandato completo de cinco anos. No entanto, nas eleições gerais de 2014, o Congresso sofreu uma pesada derrota, conquistando apenas 48 dos 543 assentos do Lok Sabha. Tratando-se de questões sociais, defende uma posição secularista, igualitarista e favorável à estratificação social. O partido defende a igualdade de oportunidades, a saúde pública, a liberdade civil e o bem-estar de minorias e dos mais pobres, com apoio à uma economia de mercado. Entre seus membros, também há aqueles que apoiam reformas econômicas como liberalização, globalização e privatizações estratégicas. Atualmente, o Congresso é o maior partido de oposição ao governo de Modi, e, ideologicamente, está posicionando na centro-esquerda, sendo membro da Internacional Socialista e da Aliança Progressista.
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