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- Sculpture in Japan began with the clay figure. Towards the end of the long Neolithic Jōmon period, some pottery vessels were "flame-rimmed" with extravagant extensions to the rim that can only be called sculptural, and very stylized pottery dogū figures were produced, many with the characteristic "snow-goggle" eyes. During the Kofun period of the 3rd to 6th century CE, haniwa terracotta figures of humans and animals in a simplistic style were erected outside important tombs. The arrival of Buddhism in the 6th century brought with it sophisticated traditions in sculpture, Chinese styles mediated via Korea. The 7th-century Hōryū-ji and its contents have survived more intact than any East Asian Buddhist temple of its date, with works including a Shaka Trinity of 623 in bronze, showing the historical Buddha flanked by two bodhisattvas and also the Guardian Kings of the Four Directions. Jōchō is said to be one of the greatest Buddhist sculptors not only in the Heian period but also in the history of Buddhist statues in Japan. Jōchō redefined the body shape of Buddha statues by perfecting the technique of yosegi zukuri (寄木造り) which is a combination of several woods. The peaceful expression and graceful figure of the Buddha statue that he made completed a Japanese style of sculpture of Buddha statues called Jōchō yō ('Jōchō style', 定朝様) and determined the style of Japanese Buddhist statues of the later period. His achievement dramatically raised the social status of busshi (Buddhist sculptor) in Japan. In the Kamakura period, the Minamoto clan established the Kamakura shogunate and the Samurai class ruled virtually all of Japan for the first time. Jocho's successors, sculptors of the Kei school of Buddhist statues, created realistic and dynamic statues to suit the tastes of samurai, and Japanese Buddhist sculpture reached its peak. Unkei, Kaikei, and Tankei were famous, and they made many new Buddha statues at many temples such as Kofuku-ji, where many Buddha statues had been lost in wars and fires. Almost all subsequent significant large sculpture in Japan was Buddhist, with some Shinto equivalents, and after Buddhism declined in Japan in the 15th century, monumental sculpture became largely architectural decoration and less significant. However sculptural work in the decorative arts was developed to a remarkable level of technical achievement and refinement in small objects such as inro and netsuke in many materials, and metal tosogu or Japanese sword mountings. In the 19th century there were export industries of small bronze sculptures of extreme virtuosity, ivory and porcelain figurines, and other types of small sculpture, increasingly emphasizing technical accomplishment. (en)
- L'origine de la sculpture japonaise remonte aux figurines en argile. La sculpture japonaise est sous la double influence de la culture de la route de la soie au Ve siècle et, par la suite, de celle plus prégnante encore de la sculpture chinoise. L'influence de l'Occident quant à elle se fait sentir à partir de l'ère Meiji. Les sculptures sont faites dans des ateliers locaux utilisés pour la sculpture et la peinture. La majorité des sculptures se trouvent devant les maisons et le long des murs des bâtiments importants. La plupart des sculptures japonaises sont issues du culte des idoles propre au Bouddhisme ou des rites animistes des divinités shinto. De tous les arts du Japon, la sculpture s'est particulièrement attachée à la représentation des thèmes et figures du Bouddhisme. Les matériaux traditionnellement utilisés sont les métaux, en particulier le bronze et plus généralement, le bois, souvent laqué, doré ou peint de couleurs vives. À la fin de la période Tokugawa, cette sculpture traditionnelle - à l'exception des œuvres en miniature - a en grande partie disparu à cause de la perte du patronage des temples bouddhistes et de la noblesse. (fr)
- Скульптура Японии (яп. 日本の彫刻 нихон но тё:коку) развивалась преимущественно в контексте религии: доисторическая дзёмонская керамическая скульптура явно имела религиозное назначение, а с приходом в Японию буддизма популярность набирают статуи персонажей буддийского пантеона. После XIII столетия развитие японской скульптуры почти полностью замирает, вплоть до 1868 года оставаясь в рамках малых форм, таких как нэцкэ и окимоно. Новые веяния в искусство скульптуры принесли западные мастера. Первые статуэтки японцы делали из глины, в период Яёй появилась деревянная скульптура, сыскавшая широчайшую популярность, а с VI столетия статуи стали делать и из бронзы. В VII веке возникла техника лаковой скульптуры. (ru)
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- Sculpture in Japan began with the clay figure. Towards the end of the long Neolithic Jōmon period, some pottery vessels were "flame-rimmed" with extravagant extensions to the rim that can only be called sculptural, and very stylized pottery dogū figures were produced, many with the characteristic "snow-goggle" eyes. During the Kofun period of the 3rd to 6th century CE, haniwa terracotta figures of humans and animals in a simplistic style were erected outside important tombs. The arrival of Buddhism in the 6th century brought with it sophisticated traditions in sculpture, Chinese styles mediated via Korea. The 7th-century Hōryū-ji and its contents have survived more intact than any East Asian Buddhist temple of its date, with works including a Shaka Trinity of 623 in bronze, showing the his (en)
- L'origine de la sculpture japonaise remonte aux figurines en argile. La sculpture japonaise est sous la double influence de la culture de la route de la soie au Ve siècle et, par la suite, de celle plus prégnante encore de la sculpture chinoise. L'influence de l'Occident quant à elle se fait sentir à partir de l'ère Meiji. Les sculptures sont faites dans des ateliers locaux utilisés pour la sculpture et la peinture. La majorité des sculptures se trouvent devant les maisons et le long des murs des bâtiments importants. (fr)
- Скульптура Японии (яп. 日本の彫刻 нихон но тё:коку) развивалась преимущественно в контексте религии: доисторическая дзёмонская керамическая скульптура явно имела религиозное назначение, а с приходом в Японию буддизма популярность набирают статуи персонажей буддийского пантеона. После XIII столетия развитие японской скульптуры почти полностью замирает, вплоть до 1868 года оставаясь в рамках малых форм, таких как нэцкэ и окимоно. Новые веяния в искусство скульптуры принесли западные мастера. (ru)
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