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The Birkat haMinim (Hebrew: ברכת המינים "Blessing on the heretics") is a curse on heretics which forms part of the Jewish rabbinical liturgy. It is the twelfth in the series of eighteen benedictions (Shemoneh Esreh) that constitute the core of prayer service in the statutory daily 'standing prayer' of religious Jews.

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  • The Birkat haMinim (Hebrew: ברכת המינים "Blessing on the heretics") is a curse on heretics which forms part of the Jewish rabbinical liturgy. It is the twelfth in the series of eighteen benedictions (Shemoneh Esreh) that constitute the core of prayer service in the statutory daily 'standing prayer' of religious Jews. There has been a general consensus that the eighteen benedictions generally go back to some form in the Second Temple period but the origins of this particular prayer and its earliest wording are disputed in modern scholarship, between those who argue for a very early date, either sometime prior to, or roughly contemporary with the Roman conquest of Jerusalem in 70 CE, and those who hold that the formulation crystallized several decades or centuries later. Pinning down its date figures prominently since it is widely taken to indicate the moment when a definitive rupture arose between Judaism and Christianity. In the early premodern form in Europe, the curse was applied to several kinds of people or groups: Jews who apostasized to Christianity; Christians themselves; the enemies of the Jews, and to the governing authorities of the Christian world. From the 13th century, the terminology used in the prayer and rabbinical explications of their referent, Christians, began to undergo a process of censorship, imposed from outside or regulated internally, once Christian authorities learnt of them through information supplied by Jewish converts and from scholars who began to access the texts in the original language. There is no single, uniform Ashkenazi or Sephardic liturgy, and marked differences may exist between prayer books issued by the rabbinates in, for example, England, Israel, or the United States. In modern times, Jews who regularly attend the synagogue only on the Sabbath rarely hear it, if ever since on the Sabbath and holidays an alternative version lacking reference to minim is used. It is mandated for prayer every day among Orthodox Jews, and is recited five times by precentors six days every week. (en)
  • La bénédiction pour les hérétiques (hébreu : ברכת המינים, birkat haMinim, « bénédiction des hérétiques ») est la douzième des dix-huit bénédictions. La birkat haMinim est une imprécation à l’encontre des peroushim ("séparés, dissidents") et des malshinim (« dénonciateurs »), appelant à leur prompte disparition. Reformulées vers la fin du Ier siècle dans le contexte de l'Académie de Yabneh, elle vise alors aussi les minim (« hérétiques ») et spécifiquement les notsrim (les nazôréens), un groupe juif qui reconnaissait Jésus de Nazareth comme messie. Cette malédiction que les notsrim étaient obligés de prononcer contre eux-mêmes a contribué à les exclure de la synagogue et à créer une orthodoxie, alors qu'avant la destruction du Temple de Jérusalem (70), le judaïsme était d'une extrême diversité. Dans un but polémique, qui a parfois par la suite justifié des persécutions, les pères de l’Église ont prétendu qu'elle visait les chrétiens dans leur ensemble[citation nécessaire], alors que le terme minim désignait les groupes juifs jugés déviants. (fr)
  • Birkat haMinim (Ibrani: ברכת המינים "Pemberkatan terhadap kaum bidaah") adalah sebuah kutukan Yahudi terhadap kaum bidaah. Pembelajaran modern umumnya mengevaluasi bahwa Birkat haMinim mungkin awalnya meliputi Kristen Yahudi sebelum Kristen dinyatakan sebagai agama kafir. Ini tercantum dalam Bagian ke-12 dari Delapan Belas Benediksi atau Amidah. Tulisan benediksi tersebut diatributkan kepada saat Konsili Yamnia yang menyatakan "Delapan Belas Benediksi" sebagai pemberkatan ke-19 dalam doa hening yang dilakukan tiga kali sehari, Amidah. Benediksi tersebut kemudian dipandang berkaitan dengan , perkembangan kanon Alkitab Ibrani, sebagai , , , Kekristenan pada abad ke-1 dan . (in)
  • Birkat ha-Minim (hebr: ברכת המינים, „Błogosławieństwo heretyków”, dosł.: „I dla oszczerców”) – formuła stanowiąca Dwunaste błogosławieństwo w żydowskiej modlitwie Amida (modlitwa Osiemnastu Błogosławieństw). Treść modlitwy stanowi wezwanie do okazania boskiego gniewu na heretyków (Minim), którzy zagrażali integralności Żydów. (pl)
  • La Birkat Ha Minim è la dodicesima benedizione dell'Amidah. Secondo il Talmud questa formula fu redatta da secondo le indicazioni di Gamaliele II, il capo del Sinedrio dal 70 d.C., e si traduce con: (it)
  • O Birkat haMinim (em hebraico: ברכת המינים; em português: Benção sobre os hereges) é uma maldição judaica sobre os hereges (minim). Os eruditos modernos geralmente avaliam que os Birkat haMinim provavelmente incluíam no original os judeus cristãos antes que o Cristianismo se tornasse uma religião marcadamente gentia. É a décima segunda benção de dezoito ou Amidá. A autoria de tal bênção é atribuída a Shmuel ha-Katan, no suposto Concílio de Jâmnia, sendo inserido nas "dezoito bençãos" como a décima nona benção a ser orada silenciosamente três vezes ao dia, a Amidá. A bênção é, portanto, vista como relacionada aos fariseus, ao desenvolvimento do cânon farisaico da Bíblia Hebraica, à divisão do Cristianismo primitivo do judaísmo antigo como sendo uma heresia aos olhos de tais judeus, às origens do judaísmo rabínico, às origens do Cristianismo, ao Cristianismo do século I e à história do Cristianismo. De acordo com a teoria, a bênção era útil como ferramenta para impedir as orações dos minim ("hereges"), porque nenhum minim recitaria em voz ou responderia a ela, pois era uma maldição sobre eles. (pt)
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  • Birkat ha-Minim (hebr: ברכת המינים, „Błogosławieństwo heretyków”, dosł.: „I dla oszczerców”) – formuła stanowiąca Dwunaste błogosławieństwo w żydowskiej modlitwie Amida (modlitwa Osiemnastu Błogosławieństw). Treść modlitwy stanowi wezwanie do okazania boskiego gniewu na heretyków (Minim), którzy zagrażali integralności Żydów. (pl)
  • La Birkat Ha Minim è la dodicesima benedizione dell'Amidah. Secondo il Talmud questa formula fu redatta da secondo le indicazioni di Gamaliele II, il capo del Sinedrio dal 70 d.C., e si traduce con: (it)
  • The Birkat haMinim (Hebrew: ברכת המינים "Blessing on the heretics") is a curse on heretics which forms part of the Jewish rabbinical liturgy. It is the twelfth in the series of eighteen benedictions (Shemoneh Esreh) that constitute the core of prayer service in the statutory daily 'standing prayer' of religious Jews. (en)
  • Birkat haMinim (Ibrani: ברכת המינים "Pemberkatan terhadap kaum bidaah") adalah sebuah kutukan Yahudi terhadap kaum bidaah. Pembelajaran modern umumnya mengevaluasi bahwa Birkat haMinim mungkin awalnya meliputi Kristen Yahudi sebelum Kristen dinyatakan sebagai agama kafir. Ini tercantum dalam Bagian ke-12 dari Delapan Belas Benediksi atau Amidah. (in)
  • La bénédiction pour les hérétiques (hébreu : ברכת המינים, birkat haMinim, « bénédiction des hérétiques ») est la douzième des dix-huit bénédictions. La birkat haMinim est une imprécation à l’encontre des peroushim ("séparés, dissidents") et des malshinim (« dénonciateurs »), appelant à leur prompte disparition. Reformulées vers la fin du Ier siècle dans le contexte de l'Académie de Yabneh, elle vise alors aussi les minim (« hérétiques ») et spécifiquement les notsrim (les nazôréens), un groupe juif qui reconnaissait Jésus de Nazareth comme messie. Cette malédiction que les notsrim étaient obligés de prononcer contre eux-mêmes a contribué à les exclure de la synagogue et à créer une orthodoxie, alors qu'avant la destruction du Temple de Jérusalem (70), le judaïsme était d'une extrême divers (fr)
  • O Birkat haMinim (em hebraico: ברכת המינים; em português: Benção sobre os hereges) é uma maldição judaica sobre os hereges (minim). Os eruditos modernos geralmente avaliam que os Birkat haMinim provavelmente incluíam no original os judeus cristãos antes que o Cristianismo se tornasse uma religião marcadamente gentia. É a décima segunda benção de dezoito ou Amidá. De acordo com a teoria, a bênção era útil como ferramenta para impedir as orações dos minim ("hereges"), porque nenhum minim recitaria em voz ou responderia a ela, pois era uma maldição sobre eles. (pt)
rdfs:label
  • Birkat haMinim (en)
  • Birkat haMinim (in)
  • Birkat haMinim (fr)
  • Birkat Ha Minim (it)
  • Birkat ha-Minim (pl)
  • Birkat haMinim (pt)
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