| dbo:abstract
|
- يعتقد بعضُ الباحثين أنّ هنالك إشارات إلى يسوع في عدّة مقاطع من التلمود. أُستخدم اسم «يَشُوع»، وهو اللفظ الأرامي للإسم العبري «يَشُو». سبّب ذلك مشاكلًا كثيرةً في تمييز يسوع عن غيره، فمعظم الأشخاص الذين يحملون اسم يشو عاشوا في فتراتٍ بعيدة نسبيًا عن يسوع، مثل يشو الساحر الذي أعدمه الحشمونيّون قبل أن يخسروا سلطتهم عام 63 قبل الميلاد، يشو التلميذ الذي كان ضمن الفرسيسيون الذين عادوا من مصر إلى إسرائيل عام 74 قبل الميلاد، كما سُجّل أنّ زوج أم يشو بن بانديرا قد تحدّث مع عكيفا بن يوسف قبل إعدامه في 134. من الممكن أن تكون هذه الأحداث قد حصلت بالفعل سنوات وعقود قبل ولادة أو صلب يسوع. على الرغم من أنّ أول رقابة مسيحيّة على التلمود حدثت عام 521، إلا أنّه في العصور الوسطى وتحديدًا في القرن الثالث عشر، وثّقت رقابة أخرى بشكل دقيقٍ خلال النزاعات بين الطرفين. إتّهمت السلطات الكاثوليكيّة التلمود بالتجديف على يسوع وأمّه مريم، لكنّ اليهود دافعوا عنه بأنّه لا يحتوي على أي ذكر له، وأكّدوا أن اسم «جوشوا» كان اسمًا يهوديًا هو وتفرّعاته، وأنّ يسوع ليس المقصود بالنّصوص التي تذكر هذه الأسماء. أدّت هذه الأحداث إلى حذف الكثير من الأجزاء والمقاطع في النّسخ اللاحقة من التلمود. من أيضًا أنّ مقاطعًا إضافيّة من التلمود قد ضاعت عبر السنوات نتيجة خوف اليهود من الإضطهاد أو بسبب الإهمال والأخطاء. إستطاعت النسخ الحديثة من التلمود استعادة معظم هذه الأجزاء. في العصر الحديث، تباينت الآراء بين الباحثين عن الإشارات الممكنة ليسوع في التلمود، وافترض بعضهم أنّ الحاخامات القديمة تحدّثوا كثيرًا عن يسوع وكانوا مشغولي البال به. يصنّف هذا الإختلاف ضمن فريقين، الأوّل هو «الأدنوي» والذي يرى بوجود عدد قليل من المقاطع التي تتناول موضوع يسوع، والثّاني هو «الأقصوي» والذي يرى بوجود عدد كبير منها. هذين المصطلحين ليسا فريدين في مجال الخلاف حول التلمود، بل يستخدمان أيضًا في النقاش حول المسائل الأخرى بين المسيحيين واليهود. (ar)
- There are several passages in the Talmud which are believed by some scholars to be references to Jesus. The name used in the Talmud is "Yeshu", the Aramaic vocalization (although not spelling) of the Hebrew name Yeshua. The identification of Jesus with any number of individuals named Yeshu has numerous problems, as most of the individuals are said to have lived in time periods far detached from that of Jesus; Yeshu the sorcerer is noted for being executed by the Hasmonean government which lost legal authority in 63 BC, Yeshu the student is described being among the Pharisees who returned to Israel from Egypt in 74 BC, and Yeshu ben Pandera/ben Stada's stepfather is noted as speaking with Rabbi Akiva shortly before the rabbi's execution, an event which occurred in c. 134 AD. These events would place the lifetime of any Yeshu decades before or after the birth and death of Jesus. The first Christian censorship of the Talmud happened in the year 521. However, far better documented censorship began during the disputations of the Middle Ages. Catholic authorities under Pope Gregory IX accused the Talmud of containing blasphemous references to Jesus and his mother, Mary. Jews responded to the disputations by saying there were no references to Jesus in the Talmud. They asserted that Joshua was a common Jewish name, along with its derivations, and that the citations referred to individuals other than Jesus. The disputations led to many of the references being removed (censored) from subsequent editions of the Talmud. In the modern era, there has been a variance of views among scholars of the possible references to Jesus in the Talmud, depending partly on presuppositions as to the extent to which the ancient rabbis were preoccupied with Jesus and Christianity. This range of views among modern scholars on the subject has been described as a range from "minimalists" who see few passages with reference to Jesus, to "maximalists" who see many passages having reference to Jesus. These terms "minimalist" and "maximalist" are not unique to discussion of the Talmud text; they are also used in discussion of academic debate on other aspects of Jewish vs. Christian and Christian vs. Jewish contact and polemic in the early centuries of Christianity, such as the Adversus Iudaeos genre. "Minimalists" include Jacob Z. Lauterbach (1951) ("who recognize[d] only relatively few passages that actually have Jesus in mind"), while "maximalists" include Herford (1903) (who concluded that most of the references related to Jesus, but were non-historical oral traditions which circulated among Jews), and Schäfer (2007) (who concluded that the passages were parodies of parallel stories about Jesus in the New Testament incorporated into the Talmud in the 3rd and 4th centuries that illustrate the inter-sect rivalry between Judaism and nascent Christianity). Some editions of the Talmud are missing some of the references, which were removed either by Christian censors starting in the 13th century, or by Jews themselves due to fear of reprisals, or some were possibly lost by negligence or accident. However, most modern editions published since the early 20th century have restored most of the references. (en)
- ( 탈무드 등 유대 문헌에서 발견되는 히브리어 이름 예슈의 논의 관련 문서에 관해서는 문서를 보십시오.)( 비슷한 발음의 히브리어나 아람어 이름에 관해서는 문서를 보십시오.)
탈무드는 일부 학자들이 예수에 대한 기독교 전통을 가리키는 구절로 결론을 내린 구절이 포함되어 있다. 이 구절의 원문의 전송의 역사는 복잡하고 학자는 관련된 구절은 원래 있던 것으로 동의하지 않으며, 기독교인의 행동에 반응해 추가되거나 삭제된 것으로 본다. 학자들은 또한, 일부 학문은 오히려 역사적 예수의 의미있는 흔적보다 기독교 개종에 대한 반응으로 구절을 봄에도 불구하고, 구절의 관계를 둘러싸고 분열됐다. (ko)
|
| rdfs:comment
|
- ( 탈무드 등 유대 문헌에서 발견되는 히브리어 이름 예슈의 논의 관련 문서에 관해서는 문서를 보십시오.)( 비슷한 발음의 히브리어나 아람어 이름에 관해서는 문서를 보십시오.)
탈무드는 일부 학자들이 예수에 대한 기독교 전통을 가리키는 구절로 결론을 내린 구절이 포함되어 있다. 이 구절의 원문의 전송의 역사는 복잡하고 학자는 관련된 구절은 원래 있던 것으로 동의하지 않으며, 기독교인의 행동에 반응해 추가되거나 삭제된 것으로 본다. 학자들은 또한, 일부 학문은 오히려 역사적 예수의 의미있는 흔적보다 기독교 개종에 대한 반응으로 구절을 봄에도 불구하고, 구절의 관계를 둘러싸고 분열됐다. (ko)
- يعتقد بعضُ الباحثين أنّ هنالك إشارات إلى يسوع في عدّة مقاطع من التلمود. أُستخدم اسم «يَشُوع»، وهو اللفظ الأرامي للإسم العبري «يَشُو». سبّب ذلك مشاكلًا كثيرةً في تمييز يسوع عن غيره، فمعظم الأشخاص الذين يحملون اسم يشو عاشوا في فتراتٍ بعيدة نسبيًا عن يسوع، مثل يشو الساحر الذي أعدمه الحشمونيّون قبل أن يخسروا سلطتهم عام 63 قبل الميلاد، يشو التلميذ الذي كان ضمن الفرسيسيون الذين عادوا من مصر إلى إسرائيل عام 74 قبل الميلاد، كما سُجّل أنّ زوج أم يشو بن بانديرا قد تحدّث مع عكيفا بن يوسف قبل إعدامه في 134. من الممكن أن تكون هذه الأحداث قد حصلت بالفعل سنوات وعقود قبل ولادة أو صلب يسوع. (ar)
- There are several passages in the Talmud which are believed by some scholars to be references to Jesus. The name used in the Talmud is "Yeshu", the Aramaic vocalization (although not spelling) of the Hebrew name Yeshua. Some editions of the Talmud are missing some of the references, which were removed either by Christian censors starting in the 13th century, or by Jews themselves due to fear of reprisals, or some were possibly lost by negligence or accident. However, most modern editions published since the early 20th century have restored most of the references. (en)
|
