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- Although Old Chinese is known from written records beginning around 1200 BC, the logographic script provides much more indirect and partial information about the pronunciation of the language than alphabetic systems used elsewhere.Several authors have produced reconstructions of Old Chinese phonology, beginning with the Swedish sinologist Bernard Karlgren in the 1940s and continuing to the present day.The method introduced by Karlgren is unique, comparing categories implied by ancient rhyming practice and the structure of Chinese characters with descriptions in medieval rhyme dictionaries, though more recent approaches have also incorporated other kinds of evidence. Although the various notations appear to be very different, they correspond with each other on most points.By the 1970s, it was generally agreed that Old Chinese had fewer points of articulation than Middle Chinese, a set of voiceless sonorants, and labiovelar and labio-laryngeal initials.Since the 1990s, most authors have agreed on a six-vowel system and a re-organized system of liquids.Earlier systems proposed voiced final stops to account for contacts between stop-final syllables and other tones, but many investigators now believe that Old Chinese lacked tonal distinctions, with Middle Chinese tones derived from consonant clusters at the end of the syllable. (en)
- 上古汉语自约公元前1200年开始有书面形式，不过汉字更多为字义服务，字音的证据更多是间接、不完全的。1940年代以来，以瑞典汉学家高本汉为首，致力于上古汉语音系的研究到今天逐渐发展壮大。高本汉引入的方法很独特，是基于比较上古押韵模式、中古韵书和与其他语言的比较进行的。 尽管各家拟音所用的记号大都相当不同，其间仍存在不少共识。1970年代达成的共识有：上古汉语的调音部位比中古汉语少、拥有清响音、存在唇化软腭音和唇-喉声母、韵尾辅音由多变少。自1990年代以来，大多数学者都同意六元音系统与重组的流音系统。早期的拟音大都假设了浊塞音韵尾以解释入声字和其他字在押韵中的接触，但许多研究者现在相信上古汉语缺乏声调，中古汉语声调因韵尾处别的辅音的脱落而产生。 (zh)
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