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- Scholars have attempted to reconstruct the phonology of Old Chinese from documentary evidence. Although the writing system does not describe sounds directly, shared phonetic components of the most ancient Chinese characters are believed to link words that were pronounced similarly at that time. The oldest surviving Chinese verse, in the Classic of Poetry (Shijing), shows which words rhymed in that period. Scholars have compared these bodies of contemporary evidence with the much later Middle Chinese reading pronunciations listed in the Qieyun rime dictionary published in 601 AD, though this falls short of a phonemic analysis. Supplementary evidence has been drawn from cognates in other Sino-Tibetan languages and in Min Chinese, which split off before the Middle Chinese period, Chinese transcriptions of foreign names, and early borrowings from and by neighbouring languages such as Hmong–Mien, Tai and Tocharian languages. Although many details are disputed, most recent reconstructions agree on the basic structure. It is generally agreed that Old Chinese differed from Middle Chinese in lacking retroflex and palatal obstruents but having initial consonant clusters of some sort, and in having voiceless sonorants. Most recent reconstructions also posit consonant clusters at the end of the syllable, developing into tone distinctions in Middle Chinese. (en)
- 上古音（しょうこおん、又は、じょうこおん）とは、周代・漢代頃の上古中国語および漢字音の音韻体系をいう。字音を今音（現代音）と古音（古代音）に分け、古音を上古・中古・近古の3つに分けたものの1つである。 (ja)
- Фонология древнекитайского языка — лингвистическая субдисциплина, зародившаяся в XVII в. в Китае и интегрировавшаяся в современную лингвистику в первой половине XX в., область исторической фонологии китайского языка. (ru)
- 学者们长久以来都试图从文献证据中构拟上古汉语的音系。上古汉语自约公元前1200年开始有书面形式，不过汉字更多为字义服务，字音的证据更多是间接、不完全的。《诗经》是最古老的韵文总集，展示了一些当时押韵的字。一般使用的方法是，将这些共时证据与《切韵》（601）等韵书记录的中古汉语进行历时比较，不过这并不利于音位分析。补充证据有其他汉藏语系语言的同源词和闽语读音、外语地名的早期音译、临近的苗瑶语系、台语支和吐火罗语族的早期借词等。 虽然许多细节仍有大量争议，绝大多数较新拟音在核心问题上达成了某些一致。人们一般同意上古汉语的调音部位比中古汉语少、拥有清响音、存在唇化软腭音和唇-喉声母、韵尾辅音由多变少。较新拟音也假定音节尾复辅音，在中古汉语发展为声调。 (zh)
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- 上古音（しょうこおん、又は、じょうこおん）とは、周代・漢代頃の上古中国語および漢字音の音韻体系をいう。字音を今音（現代音）と古音（古代音）に分け、古音を上古・中古・近古の3つに分けたものの1つである。 (ja)
- Фонология древнекитайского языка — лингвистическая субдисциплина, зародившаяся в XVII в. в Китае и интегрировавшаяся в современную лингвистику в первой половине XX в., область исторической фонологии китайского языка. (ru)
- 学者们长久以来都试图从文献证据中构拟上古汉语的音系。上古汉语自约公元前1200年开始有书面形式，不过汉字更多为字义服务，字音的证据更多是间接、不完全的。《诗经》是最古老的韵文总集，展示了一些当时押韵的字。一般使用的方法是，将这些共时证据与《切韵》（601）等韵书记录的中古汉语进行历时比较，不过这并不利于音位分析。补充证据有其他汉藏语系语言的同源词和闽语读音、外语地名的早期音译、临近的苗瑶语系、台语支和吐火罗语族的早期借词等。 虽然许多细节仍有大量争议，绝大多数较新拟音在核心问题上达成了某些一致。人们一般同意上古汉语的调音部位比中古汉语少、拥有清响音、存在唇化软腭音和唇-喉声母、韵尾辅音由多变少。较新拟音也假定音节尾复辅音，在中古汉语发展为声调。 (zh)
- Scholars have attempted to reconstruct the phonology of Old Chinese from documentary evidence. Although the writing system does not describe sounds directly, shared phonetic components of the most ancient Chinese characters are believed to link words that were pronounced similarly at that time. The oldest surviving Chinese verse, in the Classic of Poetry (Shijing), shows which words rhymed in that period. Scholars have compared these bodies of contemporary evidence with the much later Middle Chinese reading pronunciations listed in the Qieyun rime dictionary published in 601 AD, though this falls short of a phonemic analysis. Supplementary evidence has been drawn from cognates in other Sino-Tibetan languages and in Min Chinese, which split off before the Middle Chinese period, Chinese tran (en)
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- 上古音 (ja)
- Old Chinese phonology (en)
- Фонология древнекитайского языка (ru)
- 上古汉语音系 (zh)
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