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Neoclassicismo francese الكلاسيكية الحديثة في فرنسا Neoclassicism in France
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Neoclassicism is a movement in architecture, design and the arts which was dominant in France between about 1760 to 1830. It emerged as a reaction to the frivolity and excessive ornament of the baroque and rococo styles. In architecture it featured sobriety, straight lines, and forms, such as the pediment and colonnade, based on Ancient Greek and Roman models. In painting it featured heroism and sacrifice in the time of the ancient Romans and Greeks. It began late in the reign of Louis XV, became dominant under Louis XVI, and continued through the French Revolution, the French Directory, and the reign of Napoleon Bonaparte, and the Bourbon Restoration until 1830, when it was gradually replaced as the dominant style by romanticism and eclecticism. Il neoclassicismo in Francia fu lo stile dominante in architettura, pittura e scultura tra il 1760 ed il 1830. Nella patria del barocco e del rococò, il neoclassicismo si sviluppò come una sorta di reazione agli eccessi di questi stili per favorire una maggiore sobrietà di linee e forme che, soprattutto nell'architettura, si espresse con colonne che riprendevano i modelli greci e romani antichi. Nell'ambito della pittura venne favorito il tema dell'eroismo e del sacrificio, sempre riferito ai tempi degli antichi greci e romani. Prime tracce del neoclassicismo in Francia si ritrovano già alla fine del regno di Luigi XV, ma divennero dominanti durante il regno di Luigi XVI per poi proseguire durante il periodo della Rivoluzione Francese, del Direttorio e del regno di Napoleone Bonaparte oltr الكلاسيكية الحديثة هي حركة في الهندسة المعماريّة والتّصميم والفنون، كانت مُهَيْمِنَة في فرنسا بين نحو 1760 حتَّى 1830. ظهرت كرد فعل على العبثيّة والزّخرفة المفرطة للطُرُز الباروكيّة والرّوكوكو (baroque and rococo styles). في العمارة، تميّزت بالقسوة والخطوط المستقيمة والأشكال، مثل التمثال والأعمدة، بناءً على النماذج اليونانية والرومانية القديمة. في الرسم، ظهرت البطولة والتضحية في زمن الرومان والإغريق. بدأت متأخرة في عهد لويس الخامس عشر، وأصبحت مهيمنة في عهد لويس السادس عشر، واستمرت خلال الثورة الفرنسية، وحكومة المديرين الفرنسية، وحكم نابليون بونابرت، واستعادة بوربون حتى عام 1830، عندما استُبدلُ تدريجيًا كأسلوب مهيمن عن طريق الرومانسيّة والانتقائيّة.
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Il neoclassicismo in Francia fu lo stile dominante in architettura, pittura e scultura tra il 1760 ed il 1830. Nella patria del barocco e del rococò, il neoclassicismo si sviluppò come una sorta di reazione agli eccessi di questi stili per favorire una maggiore sobrietà di linee e forme che, soprattutto nell'architettura, si espresse con colonne che riprendevano i modelli greci e romani antichi. Nell'ambito della pittura venne favorito il tema dell'eroismo e del sacrificio, sempre riferito ai tempi degli antichi greci e romani. Prime tracce del neoclassicismo in Francia si ritrovano già alla fine del regno di Luigi XV, ma divennero dominanti durante il regno di Luigi XVI per poi proseguire durante il periodo della Rivoluzione Francese, del Direttorio e del regno di Napoleone Bonaparte oltre che nella Restaurazione borbonica e sino al 1830 quando venne gradualmente rimpiazzato dal romanticismo e dall'eclettismo. Tra gli architetti francesi più noti in questo periodo citiamo Ange-Jacques Gabriel (1698-1782), Jacques-Germain Soufflot (1713–1780), Claude-Nicolas Ledoux (1736-1806) e (1739-1811); pittori come Jacques-Louis David (1748-1825) ed il suo allievo, Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres (1780-1867), dominarono la scena nei medesimi anni. Neoclassicism is a movement in architecture, design and the arts which was dominant in France between about 1760 to 1830. It emerged as a reaction to the frivolity and excessive ornament of the baroque and rococo styles. In architecture it featured sobriety, straight lines, and forms, such as the pediment and colonnade, based on Ancient Greek and Roman models. In painting it featured heroism and sacrifice in the time of the ancient Romans and Greeks. It began late in the reign of Louis XV, became dominant under Louis XVI, and continued through the French Revolution, the French Directory, and the reign of Napoleon Bonaparte, and the Bourbon Restoration until 1830, when it was gradually replaced as the dominant style by romanticism and eclecticism. Prominent architects of the style included Ange-Jacques Gabriel (1698-1782), Jacques-Germain Soufflot (1713–1780), Claude-Nicolas Ledoux (1736-1806) and Jean-François Chalgrin (1739-1811); painters included Jacques-Louis David (1748-1825) and his pupil, Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres (1780-1867). الكلاسيكية الحديثة هي حركة في الهندسة المعماريّة والتّصميم والفنون، كانت مُهَيْمِنَة في فرنسا بين نحو 1760 حتَّى 1830. ظهرت كرد فعل على العبثيّة والزّخرفة المفرطة للطُرُز الباروكيّة والرّوكوكو (baroque and rococo styles). في العمارة، تميّزت بالقسوة والخطوط المستقيمة والأشكال، مثل التمثال والأعمدة، بناءً على النماذج اليونانية والرومانية القديمة. في الرسم، ظهرت البطولة والتضحية في زمن الرومان والإغريق. بدأت متأخرة في عهد لويس الخامس عشر، وأصبحت مهيمنة في عهد لويس السادس عشر، واستمرت خلال الثورة الفرنسية، وحكومة المديرين الفرنسية، وحكم نابليون بونابرت، واستعادة بوربون حتى عام 1830، عندما استُبدلُ تدريجيًا كأسلوب مهيمن عن طريق الرومانسيّة والانتقائيّة. من بين المهندسين المعماريين البارزين للأسلوب، آنج جاك غابرييل (1698-1782) وكلود نيكولاس ليدوكس (1736-1806) وجان فرانسوا شالجرين (1739-1811)؛ من بين الرسامين جاك لويس ديفيد (1748-1825) وتلميذه، جان أوغست دومينيك إنجرس (1780-1867).
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