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| - The history of biology traces the study of the living world from ancient to modern times. Although the concept of biology as a single coherent field arose in the 19th century, the biological sciences emerged from traditions of medicine and natural history reaching back to ancient Egyptian medicine and the works of Aristotle and Galen in the ancient Greco-Roman world, which were then further developed in the Middle Ages by Muslim physicians and scholars such as al-Jahiz, Avicenna, Avenzoar, Ibn al-Baitar and Ibn al-Nafis. During the European Renaissance and early modern period, biological thought was revolutionized in Europe by a renewed interest in empiricism and the discovery of many novel organisms. Prominent in this movement were Vesalius and Harvey, who used experimentation and careful observation in physiology, and naturalists such as Linnaeus and Buffon who began to classify the diversity of life and the fossil record, as well as the development and behavior of organisms. Microscopy revealed the previously unknown world of microorganisms, laying the groundwork for cell theory. The growing importance of natural theology, partly a response to the rise of mechanical philosophy, encouraged the growth of natural history (although it entrenched the argument from design). Over the 18th and 19th centuries, biological sciences such as botany and zoology became increasingly professional scientific disciplines. Lavoisier and other physical scientists began to connect the animate and inanimate worlds through physics and chemistry. Explorer-naturalists such as Alexander von Humboldt investigated the interaction between organisms and their environment, and the ways this relationship depends on geography—laying the foundations for biogeography, ecology and ethology. Naturalists began to reject essentialism and consider the importance of extinction and the mutability of species. Cell theory provided a new perspective on the fundamental basis of life. These developments, as well as the results from embryology and paleontology, were synthesized in Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. The end of the 19th century saw the fall of spontaneous generation and the rise of the germ theory of disease, though the mechanism of inheritance remained a mystery.In the early 20th century, the rediscovery of Mendel's work led to the rapid development of genetics by Thomas Hunt Morgan and his students, and by the 1930s the combination of population genetics and natural selection in the "neo-Darwinian synthesis". New disciplines developed rapidly, especially after Watson and Crick proposed the structure of DNA. Following the establishment of the Central Dogma and the cracking of the genetic code, biology was largely split between organismal biology—the fields that deal with whole organisms and groups of organisms—and the fields related to cellular and molecular biology. By the late 20th century, new fields like genomics and proteomics were reversing this trend, with organismal biologists using molecular techniques, and molecular and cell biologists investigating the interplay between genes and the environment, as well as the genetics of natural populations of organisms. (en)
- El término biología se acuña durante la Ilustración por parte de dos autores (Lamarck y Treviranus) que, simultáneamente, lo utilizan para referirse al estudio de las leyes de la vida. El neologismo fue empleado por primera vez en Francia en 1802, por parte de Jean-Baptiste Lamarck en su tratado de Hidrogeología. Ignoraba que, en el mismo año, el naturalista alemán Treviranus había creado el mismo neologismo en una obra en seis tomos titulada Biología o Filosofía de la naturaleza viva: "la biología estudiará las distintas formas de vida, las condiciones y las leyes que rigen su existencia y las causas que determinan su actividad."No obstante, a pesar de la reciente acuñación del término, la biología tiene una larga historia como disciplina. (es)
- A Humanidade desde sempre estudou os seres vivos. Nos seus primórdios, o ser humano aprendeu a utilizar as plantas e os animais em seu proveito. Aprendeu a evitar plantas venenosas e como tratar os animais. Observando o comportamento dos animais, adoptou técnicas de caça. Partindo também dos conhecimentos acerca da utilidade e da época de frutificação de variados vegetais, desenvolveu a agricultura, aprendendo a garantir, de maneira mais constante e preditível, o sustento das comunidades. Os conhecimentos na área da biologia, embora empíricos e como exercício prático do dia a dia, existem já desde a época da pré-história. Prova disso são as representações de seres vivos em pinturas rupestres. (pt)
- Die Geschichte der Biologie behandelt als Teildisziplin der Wissenschaftsgeschichte die Geschichte der Biologie: "Als Forschungs- und Lehrfach behandelt sie die Formen, Methoden und Inhalte der Erkenntnisgewinnung und Erkenntnisvermittlung über Organismen und Lebensprozesse, also einer Naturwissenschaft." (Jahn 2004)Mit Organismen und Lebensprozessen beschäftigt sich der Mensch seit je, er ist unmittelbar als lebender Organismus in ihr Wechselspiel, das die obersten Schichten der Erde erfüllt, eingeflochten. Wir sind selbst Organismen und auf andere Organismen als Nahrung angewiesen; Man kann daher annehmen, dass die Reflexion seit ihrem Aufkommen diese zu ihrem Gegenstand nahm. Eine chronologische, querschnittsartige Darstellung, soll im Folgenden den roten Faden von diesen Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart spannen und einen geordneten Zugang zu den vertiefenden Artikeln der jeweiligen Epochen, Personen und Traditionen bieten. Außerdem soll der Bezug zum gesamtgesellschaftlichen Kontext hergestellt werden. (de)
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| rdfs:comment
| - The history of biology traces the study of the living world from ancient to modern times. Although the concept of biology as a single coherent field arose in the 19th century, the biological sciences emerged from traditions of medicine and natural history reaching back to ancient Egyptian medicine and the works of Aristotle and Galen in the ancient Greco-Roman world, which were then further developed in the Middle Ages by Muslim physicians and scholars such as al-Jahiz, Avicenna, Avenzoar, Ibn al-Baitar and Ibn al-Nafis. During the European Renaissance and early modern period, biological thought was revolutionized in Europe by a renewed interest in empiricism and the discovery of many novel organisms. Prominent in this movement were Vesalius and Harvey, who used experimentation and careful observation in physiology, and naturalists such as Linnaeus and Buffon who began to classify the diversity of life and the fossil record, as well as the development and behavior of organisms. Microscopy revealed the previously unknown world of microorganisms, laying the groundwork for cell theory. The growing importance of natural theology, partly a response to the rise of mechanical philosophy, encouraged the growth of natural history (although it entrenched the argument from design). (en)
- El término biología se acuña durante la Ilustración por parte de dos autores (Lamarck y Treviranus) que, simultáneamente, lo utilizan para referirse al estudio de las leyes de la vida. (es)
- A Humanidade desde sempre estudou os seres vivos. Nos seus primórdios, o ser humano aprendeu a utilizar as plantas e os animais em seu proveito. (pt)
- Die Geschichte der Biologie behandelt als Teildisziplin der Wissenschaftsgeschichte die Geschichte der Biologie: "Als Forschungs- und Lehrfach behandelt sie die Formen, Methoden und Inhalte der Erkenntnisgewinnung und Erkenntnisvermittlung über Organismen und Lebensprozesse, also einer Naturwissenschaft." (Jahn 2004)Mit Organismen und Lebensprozessen beschäftigt sich der Mensch seit je, er ist unmittelbar als lebender Organismus in ihr Wechselspiel, das die obersten Schichten der Erde erfüllt, eingeflochten. (de)
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