| p:abstract
| - Experimental music is a term introduced by composer John Cage in 1955. Cage defined "an experimental action is one the outcome of which is not foreseen" (Cage 1961, 39), and he was specifically interested in completed works that performed an unpredictable action (Mauceri 1997, 197).
In a broader sense, it is also used to mean any music that challenges the commonly accepted notions of what music is. David Cope describes experimental music as that, "which represents a refusal to accept the status quo" (Cope, 1997, 222).
Michael Nyman (1974) uses the term "experimental" to describe the work of American composers (John Cage, Christian Wolff, Earle Brown, Meredith Monk, Malcolm Goldstein, Morton Feldman, Terry Riley, La Monte Young, Philip Glass, John Cale, Steve Reich, etc.) as opposed to the European avant-garde at the time (Karlheinz Stockhausen, Pierre Boulez, Iannis Xenakis). The word "experimental" in the former cases "is apt, providing it is understood not as descriptive of an act to be later judged in terms of success or failure, but simply as of an act the outcome of which is unknown" (Cage 1961, 13).
According to David Nicholls, "...very generally, avant-garde music can be viewed as occupying an extreme position within the tradition, while experimental music lies outside it" (Nicholls 1998, 318). That tradition is the inheritance of common-practice Western art music, with its concern for increased technical complexity, historical inheritance, composer intention and other features. In general, and at least originally, experimental music took its inspiration from non-Western sources and from varying times. It may take its inspiration (directly in terms of generating systems) from other media; practitioners may or may not be professionals in the traditional sense of the word, although they may still be trained in their work and adept at it.
Leonard B. Meyer, on the other hand, includes under "experimental music" composers such as Berio, Boulez, and Stockhausen, as well as the techniques of "total serialism" (Meyer 1994, 106–107 and 266), holding that "there is no single, or even pre-eminent, experimental music, but rather a plethora of different methods and kinds" (Meyer 1994, 237).
As with other edge forms that push the limits of a particular form of expression, there is little agreement as to the boundaries of experimental music, even amongst its practitioners. On the one hand, some experimental music is an extension of traditional music, adding unconventional instruments, modifications to instruments, noises, and other novelties to compositions. At the other extreme, there are performances that most listeners would not characterize as music at all.
While much discussion of experimental music centers on definitional issues and its validity as a musical form, the most frequently performed experimental music is entertaining and, at its best, can lead the listener to question core assumptions about the nature of music. (en)
- La música experimental es la música que busca expandir las nociones existentes de la misma. Su labor consiste en trabajar con ideas y formas aún no desarrolladas suficientemente en el ámbito musical y experimentar activamente con ellas a la búsqueda de nuevos estímulos que puedan reorganizar sus propios conceptos artísticos. (es)
- Le terme de musique expérimentale, ou musique nouvelle, dans un sens général et populaire, désigne généralement un ensemble de musiques se caractérisant par une large tendance à l'expérimentation, c'est-à-dire par une remise en cause des conventions et des normes utilisées dans des musiques traditionnelles occidentales.
Le terme est cependant sujet à confusion car selon le sens, large ou restreint, qu'on lui prête, il ne désigne pas les mêmes catégories de musiques. (fr)
- Musica Sperimentale è un termine coniato dal musicista John Cage nel 1955. Cage definì che "l'azione sperimentale è il risultato di ciò che non è previsto" (Cage 1961, 39), ed è stato particolarmente interessato ad opere che ha eseguito in un'alea musicale (Mauceri 1997, 197). (it)
- 実験音楽（じっけんおんがく）（英 experimental music）とは現代音楽の潮流の一つである。これは、音楽学においてはアメリカの作曲家 ケージ の導入した用語法として理解されている。ケージは「実験的行為」について、「結果を予知できない行為」という定義を与えており（著書「Silence」などによる）、この意味では「実験音楽」とは不確定性の音楽、あるいはそれにチャンス・オペレーションを加えた偶然性の音楽を指すことになる。この（狭義の）「偶然性の音楽」は、1950年代初頭以降、アメリカのケージを中心とした作曲家達によって営まれたものである。
これに対して、当時のヨーロッパのセリー書法を用いる作曲家（ブーレーズ、シュトックハウゼンなど）の音楽は、たとえ技法として偶然性を取り入れていても「前衛」（avant-garde）ないし「前衛音楽」と呼んで明確に区別するのが普通である。
このような用語法は、レナード・メイヤーの著書「音楽・芸術・思想－20世紀の文化におけるパターンと予測」（Music, the Arts, and Ideas: Patterns and Predictions in Twentieth-Century Culture, 1967）や、マイケル・ナイマンの著作「実験音楽：ケージとその後」（Experimental Music: Cage and Beyond, 1974）において踏襲されている。
しかしこうした区別をせず、「実験音楽」と「前衛音楽」をほぼ同義のものとして両者を区別せず用いる例も見られる。その場合には、この用語は20世紀後半以降の、伝統的な書法とは異なる音楽総てを指している。 (ja)
- Experimentele muziek is alle muziek die de gebruikelijke opvattingen over muziek ter discussie stelt. Een gelijkwaardige term is avant-gardemuziek. John Cage was een pionier in het genre en zorgde ervoor dat experimentele muziek serieus genomen werd.
Zoals bij andere kunststijlen die de grenzen verleggen van een genre, is er weinig consensus - zelfs niet onder de beoefenaars - over wat de grenzen zijn van experimentele muziek. Enerzijds is het een verlengstuk van traditionele muziek, door het toegevoegen van onconventionele instrumenten, verbouwde instrumenten, scordatura, ruis, geluid, lawaai en andere vernieuwende elementen aan bestaande stukken. Anderzijds zijn er voorstellingen en opnames die de meeste luisteraars zelfs niet tot muziek zouden rekenen. (nl)
- Música experimental é um estilo de música inovadora que originou no Século XX, desafiando todas as concepções normais de como uma música deve ser, e extrapola os limites popularmente conhecidos. Dessa forma, há pouco acordo sobre quão experimental uma música pode ser, antes de ser considerada apenas ruído. Geralmente as bandas experimentais possuem instrumentos pouco conhecidos, modificados, ou utilizados de maneiras inovadoras; efeitos estranhos aplicados de maneiras não convencionais e mistura de diversos gêneros opostos, como música eletrônica e música clássica. Além de instrumentos musicais, a música experimental também pode utilizar-se de sons de objetos e efeitos diversos de acordo com a intenção do compositor, experimentando os sons como o próprio nome diz. Quando também é usado música eletronica de maneira mais "pesada", com características noise, este experimentalismo também é chamado de música industrial. (pt)
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| rdfs:comment
| - Experimental music is a term introduced by composer John Cage in 1955. Cage defined "an experimental action is one the outcome of which is not foreseen" (Cage 1961, 39), and he was specifically interested in completed works that performed an unpredictable action (Mauceri 1997, 197). (en)
- La música experimental es la música que busca expandir las nociones existentes de la misma. Su labor consiste en trabajar con ideas y formas aún no desarrolladas suficientemente en el ámbito musical y experimentar activamente con ellas a la búsqueda de nuevos estímulos que puedan reorganizar sus propios conceptos artísticos. (es)
- Le terme de musique expérimentale, ou musique nouvelle, dans un sens général et populaire, désigne généralement un ensemble de musiques se caractérisant par une large tendance à l'expérimentation, c'est-à-dire par une remise en cause des conventions et des normes utilisées dans des musiques traditionnelles occidentales. (fr)
- Musica Sperimentale è un termine coniato dal musicista John Cage nel 1955. Cage definì che "l'azione sperimentale è il risultato di ciò che non è previsto" (Cage 1961, 39), ed è stato particolarmente interessato ad opere che ha eseguito in un'alea musicale (Mauceri 1997, 197). (it)
- 実験音楽（じっけんおんがく）（英 experimental music）とは現代音楽の潮流の一つである。これは、音楽学においてはアメリカの作曲家 ケージ の導入した用語法として理解されている。ケージは「実験的行為」について、「結果を予知できない行為」という定義を与えており（著書「Silence」などによる）、この意味では「実験音楽」とは不確定性の音楽、あるいはそれにチャンス・オペレーションを加えた偶然性の音楽を指すことになる。この（狭義の）「偶然性の音楽」は、1950年代初頭以降、アメリカのケージを中心とした作曲家達によって営まれたものである。 (ja)
- Experimentele muziek is alle muziek die de gebruikelijke opvattingen over muziek ter discussie stelt. Een gelijkwaardige term is avant-gardemuziek. John Cage was een pionier in het genre en zorgde ervoor dat experimentele muziek serieus genomen werd. (nl)
- Música experimental é um estilo de música inovadora que originou no Século XX, desafiando todas as concepções normais de como uma música deve ser, e extrapola os limites popularmente conhecidos. Dessa forma, há pouco acordo sobre quão experimental uma música pode ser, antes de ser considerada apenas ruído. (pt)
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