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rdfs:label: Censure littéraire aux États-Unis Book censorship in the United States
rdfs:comment: La censure des livres aux États-Unis est décidée aussi bien au niveau fédéral qu'au niveau local. Elle se décline en retrait de livres de la circulation ou décisions d'une diffusion restreinte de matériels littéraire, artistique ou éducatif - d'images, d'idées et d'informations - au motif que ceux-ci sont moralement ou autrement répréhensibles à la lumière des normes appliquées par le censeur. La censure est « la réglementation de la parole et d'autres formes d'expression par une autorité bien établie ». L'intention générale de la censure, sous quelque forme que ce soit, est d'agir comme « une sorte de sauvegarde pour la société, généralement pour protéger les normes et les valeurs […] la censure supprime ce qui est considéré comme répréhensible d'un point de vue politique, moral ou religi Book censorship is the removal, suppression, or restricted circulation of literary, artistic, or educational material – of images, ideas, and information – on the grounds that these are morally or otherwise objectionable according to the standards applied by the censor. Censorship is "the regulation of speech and other forms of expression by an entrenched authority". The overall intent of censorship, in any form, is to act as "a kind of safeguard for society, typically to protect norms and values [...] censorship suppresses what is considered objectionable from a political, moral, or religious standpoint."
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dbo:abstract: La censure des livres aux États-Unis est décidée aussi bien au niveau fédéral qu'au niveau local. Elle se décline en retrait de livres de la circulation ou décisions d'une diffusion restreinte de matériels littéraire, artistique ou éducatif - d'images, d'idées et d'informations - au motif que ceux-ci sont moralement ou autrement répréhensibles à la lumière des normes appliquées par le censeur. La censure est « la réglementation de la parole et d'autres formes d'expression par une autorité bien établie ». L'intention générale de la censure, sous quelque forme que ce soit, est d'agir comme « une sorte de sauvegarde pour la société, généralement pour protéger les normes et les valeurs […] la censure supprime ce qui est considéré comme répréhensible d'un point de vue politique, moral ou religieux ». Les bibliothèques de l'Université Marshall, qui mènent des recherches sur les livres interdits aux États-Unis, ont défini un livre interdit comme celui qui a été « retiré d'une bibliothèque, d'une salle de classe, etc. » et un livre contesté comme celui qui « a fait l'objet d'une demande pour être retiré d'une bibliothèque, d'une salle de classe, etc. » par un censeur. Les bibliothèques publiques et scolaires aux États-Unis ont la possibilité de limiter le choix des livres proposés à la lecture aux enfants. Ce problème « met en évidence la tension entre l'autorité parentale et la société, mais il s'agit finalement de définir la valeur américaine ». Il a été suggéré que, comme il existe des conseils parentaux pour les films, il existe un besoin similaire pour les livres. Certains des livres interdits sont précieux pour aider les enfants à découvrir leur identité ou à s'éduquer. Ceux-ci ne sont pas tous interdits dans tous les États, par tous les éducateurs. La censure est le plus souvent le fruit de décisions de responsables ou commanditaires de l'éducation : parents, commissions scolaires, groupes de pression, clergé, bibliothécaires et enseignants. L'interdiction, l'une des méthodes de censure les plus permanentes et les plus efficaces, commence par une contestation puis progresse jusqu'à ce que le livre ne soit plus disponible pour aucun élève d'une école, d'une bibliothèque ou d'un district. Très souvent, la censure se fait à l'initiative de parents d'élèves. People For The American Way a rapporté qu'au cours de l'année scolaire 1991-1992, le taux de succès des censeurs lors de leur demandes est passé à 41 % contre 34 % l'année précédente. En réponse, plusieurs organisations professionnelles telles que l' American Library Association (ALA), la Freedom to Read Foundation et la National Coalition Against Censorship ont utilisé diverses initiatives pour lutter contre la censure des livres sous toutes ses formes. Combattant la censure des livres avec leur plaidoyer en faveur des droits du premier amendement, ces organisations existant de longue date ont été au centre de plusieurs affaires portées devant la Cour suprême depuis le début des années 1970. Le phénomène est en forte croissante, et à l’automne 2021, l’Association américaine des bibliothèques a indiqué avoir reçu le nombre “inédit” de 330 signalements, « une hausse sans précédent », selon la responsable de l’association. Les trois motifs les plus souvent invoqués à l'appui de demande d'interdiction sont par ordre décroissant un contenu sexuellement explicite, un langage « offensant » et l'inadaptation d'un ouvrage à l'âge de ses lecteurs, mais une vingtaine d'autres motifs ont été recensés. Book censorship is the removal, suppression, or restricted circulation of literary, artistic, or educational material – of images, ideas, and information – on the grounds that these are morally or otherwise objectionable according to the standards applied by the censor. Censorship is "the regulation of speech and other forms of expression by an entrenched authority". The overall intent of censorship, in any form, is to act as "a kind of safeguard for society, typically to protect norms and values [...] censorship suppresses what is considered objectionable from a political, moral, or religious standpoint." The Marshall University Libraries, which conduct research on banned books in the United States, have defined a banned book as one that has been "removed from a library, classroom, etc." and a challenged book as one that "has been requested to be removed from a library, classroom, etc." by a censor. Public and school libraries in the US have the ability to limit children's choice of books to read. This problem "highlights the tension between parental authority and society, but it is ultimately about defining American Value." It has been suggested that as there are parental guidance to films, there is a need for something similar for books. Some of the banned books are valuable in helping children discover their identities or educate themselves. These are not all banned in all states, by all educators. Sponsors of literacy in education have carried out censorship, including parents, school boards, lobbying groups, clergy, librarians and teachers. Banning, one of the most permanent and effective method of censorship, begins with a challenge and then progresses until the book is no longer available to any student in a school, library or district. In many cases, books are banned or petitioned to be banned by parents who are concerned about the material their children are reading. People For The American Way reported that in the school year from 1991–1992, the success of censors in having books removed in some capacity rose to 41 percent from 34 percent in the previous year. In response, several professional organizations such as the American Library Association (ALA), the Freedom to Read Foundation, and the National Coalition Against Censorship have employed various initiatives to help combat book censorship in all its forms. Combating book censorship with their advocacy for First Amendment rights, these long-standing organizations have been at the center of multiple Supreme Court cases spanning from the early 1970s.
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