| dbo:abstract
|
- La historia de Carmona, y su Prehistoria, abarca desde la ocupación de la zona, que corresponde con el actual municipio de Carmona, en la provincia española de Sevilla, desde los grupos de cazadores-recolectores del Paleolítico, posteriores asentamientos neolíticos y de la Edad de los Metales hasta llegar a épocas históricas donde ha tenido continuidad hasta la actualidad. (es)
- The history of Carmona begins at one of the oldest urban sites in Europe, with nearly five thousand years of continuous occupation on a plateau rising above the vega (plain) of the River Corbones in Andalusia, Spain. The city of Carmona lies thirty kilometres from Seville on the highest elevation of the sloping terrain of the Los Alcores escarpment, about 250 metres above sea level. Since the first appearance of complex agricultural societies in the Guadalquivir valley at the beginning of the Neolithic period, various civilizations have had an historical presence in the region. All the different cultures, peoples, and political entities that developed there have left their mark on the ethnographic mosaic of present-day Carmona.Its historical significance is explained by the advantages of its location. The easily defended plateau on which the city sits, and the fertility of the land around it, made the site an important population center. The town's strategic position overlooking the vega was a natural stronghold, allowing it to control the trails leading to the central plateau of the Guadalquivir valley, and thus access to its resources. The area around Carmona has been inhabited since prehistoric times; although Paleolithic remains have been found, those of the Neolithic are much more abundant. The end of the Chalcolithic period between 2500 and 2000 BC is marked by the appearance of the profusely decorated vessels of the Bellbeaker culture from the necropolis of El Acebuchal. Scattered finds of ceramics have established Bronze Age occupation of the area, and by the late Iron Age this was a Tartessian settlement. From the mid-8th century BC, a stable core population had developed on the wide plateau where the current city is situated. With the arrival of Phoenician traders from Tyre, Carmona underwent a radical change. The Tartessian-Turdetani village was transformed into a city from its nucleus in the neighbourhood of present-day San Blas. The circular huts were replaced by rectangular houses, built on the Phoenician model and arranged in a planned urban layout. The population built defences with walls of sloping masonry on its vulnerable western flank, and continued to consolidate until the mid-6th century BC, when the Tyrian Phoenician trade network disintegrated. Carthage then expanded its commercial hegemony, and by the beginning of the 5th century BC had established itself as the dominant military power in the western Mediterranean. During the 3rd century BC, Carthage made Iberia the new base for its empire and its campaigns against the Roman Republic, and occupied most of Andalusia. The name '"Carmona" may have derived from the Semitic root words, Kar (city) and Hammon, (the sun-god worshipped in Carthage), as in Kar-Hammon (the "city of Hammon"). From the Turdetani core, the city developed into an important Carthaginian trading colony; some remains of the walls of this stage are preserved in the Puerta de Sevilla. The conquest of the Iberian Peninsula in 237 BC by Punic Carthaginians under the command of Hamilcar Barca began a turbulent era which culminated in the Punic Wars and the Roman conquest. The Battle of Carmona was fought near the city in 207 BC, during the Second Punic War (218-202 BC). The Roman general Scipio defeated forces commanded by the Carthaginian generals Hasdrubal Gisco and Mago and the Numidian general Masinissa. This was one of Scipio's first major battles in Hispania; the engagement is described by Appian at 5.25–28 in his Iberica. The Puerta de Sevilla (Seville Gate) and its bastion were built originally by the Carthaginians around 230–220 BC. The Romans later made several modifications, focusing on reconstruction of the main access gate to the walled town, and modified the bastion itself, which, like the gate, still exists. The Romans conquered Carmona, as well as the other cities of the region under the rule of Carthage, in the Punic Wars; its "mighty wall" was mentioned by Julius Caesar in his De Bello Civile. The city was made a tributary to Rome, and received the dispensation to mint its own coinage bearing the name "Carmo". Carmo was part of the Legal Convent of Asitigitana (Écija), and was granted the status of civium Romanorum, its inhabitants being assigned to the rural tribe Galeria. In the second half of the 1st century, with the social stability brought by the Pax Romana, Carmo became a crossroads on the Via Augusta and an important outpost of the Roman empire (the highway, by then called El Arrecife, was still used in the Middle Ages; a few remnants of some sections and a bridge have survived). This period was perhaps the most culturally brilliant in the history of Carmona, and traces of it are still perceptible. The current city is laid out roughly on the Roman urban plan; the Cardo Maximus ran from the Seville Gate to the Cordoba gate, and the site of the ancient forum, now coinciding approximately with the Plaza de Arriba, is still a centre of urban activity. At the end of the 3rd century, Carmona entered a gradual decline, which led eventually to: the dismantling of public and religious buildings, a general contraction of the urban area, the depopulation of nearby villages, and the abandonment of large landed properties. However, after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the dissolution of Roman authority in Hispania Baetica and its replacement by a Visigothic monarchy was a long, slow process. There was no sudden Visigothic invasion or conquest. The Visigoths were superior to the Hispano-Roman population only in the exercise of arms; economically, socially, and culturally the Hispanic population of the southern Iberian peninsula was more advanced. Carmona may have been very briefly a part of Spania, a province of the Byzantine Empire that existed for a few decades (552–624) along the south of the Iberian peninsula. The Byzantines occupied many of the coastal cities in Baetica and the region remained a Byzantine province until its reconquest by the Visigoths barely seventy years later. From the beginning of the 8th century until the middle of the 13th century, the city was part of Muslim al-Andalus, and functioned as an Islamic society, leaving a deep imprint on its culture and physical appearance. Its most notable attestation comes from a decisive 763 battle between Abd-ar-Rahman I's troops and a pro-Abbasid force that confirmed the Umayyad commander's status as independent emir of Cordova. Carmona retained its political importance during the Muslim era, and became the capital of one of the first Taifa kingdoms. In 1057, Abbad II al-Mu'tadid, Emir of the Taifa of Išbīliya (Seville) drove the Almoravids from Qarmūnâ. In 1247, Qarmūnâ capitulated without resistance to Rodrigo González Girón, steward of the Christian king Ferdinand III of Castile. The terms of surrender guaranteed its Muslim population the opportunity to stay in their homes and keep their property, their religion and their customs, or to leave. In 1252, Alfonso X began the Repartimiento, the distribution of large grants of land and homes to nobles, knights and smallholding citizens. Beyond rewarding his allies, the king's general policy was to repopulate the countryside by encouraging Christian settlers who could become landowners themselves. The disadvantaged and common laborers received plots which included a home and about 60 hectares of arable land in the vega of the Corbones. During the reign (1350–1369) of Pedro the Cruel, Carmona benefited from his predilection for the city. He enlarged the citadel of the Puerta de Marchena and made it one of his favored residences. This Alcázar del rey Don Pedro was the theatre of the siege by Henry of Trastámara against Pedro's chief steward, Martín López de Córdoba, who was confined there with the king's sons and treasure after his violent death in Montiel. Later, during the reigns of John II and Henry IV, Carmona was the scene where the rivalry between the noble houses of Ponce de León and Guzman played out. Carmona complied with the many requests from Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon for able-bodied men, soldiers and teamsters to wage their series of military campaigns in the Granada War (Guerra de Granada) (1482–1492). After the outbreak of hostilities between the Catholic Monarchs (Los Reyes Católicos) and the Emirate of Granada, troops from Carmona participated in nearly every operation of the war. In 1630, Philip IV granted Carmona the status of "ciudad" (city), in exchange for 40,000 ducats. In 1885, the French-born English archaeologist George Bonsor discovered the Roman Necropolis of Carmona and excavated it with his colleague and business partner, the local academic Juan Fernández López. This ancient cemetery consists of hundreds of tombs, the largest of which are collective familial mausoleums. The majority are dated between the 1st century BC and the 2nd century AD. The necropolis was built and used mainly during the first centuries of Roman domination, so the bodies were usually cremated according to customary Roman rituals although there were also inhumations. Bonsor and Fernandez exploited the site commercially, selling many of the valuable antiquities discovered there. They raised an enclosure around their excavations and surrounded it with guards. In the center of the property they built an archaeological museum of functional design "in situ", which also housed Bonsor and his personal collection of objects; here he entertained visiting foreign archaeologists. The inauguration of the museum and public display of the necropolis took place on 24 May 1885. The same year Bonsor and Fernandez discovered two large tombs, popularly known as the Tomb of Servilia and the Tomb of the Elephant. The Carmona Archaeological Society (Sociedad Arqueológica de Carmona), a private scholarly group, was also founded in 1885. Based at number 15 San Felipe Street, next to the offices of the newspaper La Verdad ("The Truth"), the group sought to give a scientific and academic lustre to the Carmonan community. A large hoard of Visigothic gold coins was found in 1891 at La Capilla, about five miles east of Carmona. Only 67 of 505 coins were definitively identified. The Andalucista politician, writer, and historian Blas Infante, known as the father of Andalusian nationalism (Padre de la Patria Andaluza), was seized and summarily executed 11 August 1936 by Franco's forces on the Seville road to Carmona at the beginning of the Spanish Civil War. On 28 February 1980, a commission formed by nine representatives of all the Andalusian parliamentary parties met in Carmona and approved a first draft of the original Statute of Autonomy of Andalusia, or Statute of Carmona (Estatuto de Carmona); it was approved in 1981 by the Spanish national government. (en)
- A história de Carmona começa em um dos sítios urbanos mais antigos da Europa, com quase cinco mil anos de ocupação contínua em um planalto que se eleva acima da vega (planície) do rio Corbones na Andaluzia, Espanha. A cidade de Carmona fica a trinta quilômetros de Sevilha, na maior elevação do terreno inclinado da escarpa de Los Alcores, a aproximadamente 250 metros acima do nível do mar. Desde o surgimento de sociedades agrícolas complexas no vale do Guadalquivir, no início do período Neolítico, várias civilizações tiveram uma presença histórica na região. Todas as diferentes culturas, povos e entidades políticas que ali se desenvolveram deixaram sua marca no mosaico etnográfico da Carmona atual. Seu significado histórico é explicado pelas vantagens de sua localização. O planalto facilmente defendido no qual a cidade está situada, e a fertilidade das terras ao seu redor, tornavam o local um importante centro populacional. A posição estratégica da cidade com vista para o vega era uma fortaleza natural, permitindo-lhe controlar as trilhas que levavam ao planalto central do vale do Guadalquivir e assim, ter acesso aos seus recursos. A área ao redor de Carmona foi habitada desde os tempos pré-históricos; embora vestígios do Paleolítico tenham sido encontrados, os do Neolítico são muito mais abundantes. O fim do período Calcolítico entre 2500 e 2000 a.C é marcado pelo aparecimento dos vasos profusamente decorados da cultura Bellbeaker da necrópole de El Acebuchal. Achados dispersos de cerâmica estabeleceram a ocupação da área pela Idade do Bronze e, no fim da Idade do Ferro, este era um assentamento Tartessian. Com a chegada dos comerciantes fenícios de Tiro, Carmona sofreu uma mudança radical. A aldeia Tartessian- Turdetani foi transformada em cidade a partir de seu núcleo no bairro da atual San Blas. As cabanas circulares foram substituídas por casas retangulares, construídas no modelo fenício e dispostas em traçado urbano planejado. A população construiu defesas com paredes de alvenaria inclinada em seu flanco oeste vulnerável e continuou a se consolidar até meados do século VI a.C, quando a rede de comércio fenício de Tiro se desintegrou. Cartago então expandiu sua hegemonia comercial e, no início do século V a.C, havia se estabelecido como a potência militar dominante no Mediterrâneo ocidental. O nome '"Carmona" pode ter derivado das palavras raiz semíticas, Kar (cidade) e Hammon, (o deus-sol adorado em Cartago), como em Kar-Hammon (a "cidade de Hammon "). A conquista da Península Ibérica em 237 a.C pelos cartagineses púnicos sob o comando de Amílcar Barca deu início a uma época turbulenta que culminou nas Guerras Púnicas e na conquista romana. A Batalha de Carmona foi travada perto da cidade em 207 a.C, durante a Segunda Guerra Púnica (218-202 a.C). O general romano Cipião derrotou as forças comandadas pelos generais cartagineses Asdrúbal Gisco e Mago e pelo general númida Masinissa. Esta foi uma das primeiras grandes batalhas de Cipião na Hispânia; o combate é descrito por Appian em 5,25-28 em seu Iberica. Os romanos conquistaram Carmona, bem como as outras cidades da região sob o domínio de Cartago, nas Guerras Púnicas; sua "poderosa muralha" foi citada por Júlio César em seu De Bello Civile. A cidade foi afluente de Roma, e recebeu a dispensa de cunhar sua própria moeda com o nome "Carmo". Carmo fazia parte do Convento Legal de Asitigitana (Écija), tendo-lhe sido concedida a condição de civium Romanorum, sendo os seus habitantes cedidos à tribo rural Galeria. No fim do século III, Carmona entrou em um declínio gradual, que acabou levando ao: desmantelamento de edifícios públicos e religiosos, uma contração geral da área urbana, o despovoamento das aldeias vizinhas e o abandono de grandes propriedades rurais. Contudo, depois da queda do Império Romano Ocidental, a dissolução da autoridade romana na Hispânia Baetica e sua substituição por uma monarquia visigótica foi um processo longo e lento. Não houve invasão ou conquista visigótica repentina. Os visigodos eram superiores à população hispano-romana apenas no exercício das armas; econômica, social e culturalmente, a população hispânica do sul da Península Ibérica era mais avançada. Carmona pode ter sido uma parte brevemente da Espanha, uma província do Império Bizantino que existiu por algumas décadas (552-624) ao longo do sul da Península Ibérica. Os bizantinos ocuparam muitas das cidades costeiras da Baetica e a região permaneceu uma província bizantina até sua reconquista pelos visigodos, apenas setenta anos depois. Em 1252, Alfonso X iniciou o Repartimento, a distribuição de grandes doações de terras e casas para nobres, cavaleiros e pequenos proprietários. Além de recompensar seus aliados, a política geral do rei era repovoar o campo encorajando colonos cristãos que poderiam se tornar proprietários de terras. Os trabalhadores pobres e comuns receberam lotes que incluíam uma casa e aproximadamente 60 hectares de terra arável na vega dos Corbones. Carmona cumpriu os muitos pedidos de Isabel I de Castela e Fernando II de Aragão para sãos homens, soldados e carroceiros para travar a sua série de campanhas militares na Guerra Granada (Guerra de Granada) (1482-1492). Depois da eclosão das hostilidades entre os Reis Católicos (Los Reyes Católicos) e o Emirado de Granada, as tropas de Carmona participaram de quase todas as operações da guerra. Em 1630, Filipe IV concedeu a Carmona o status de "ciudad" (cidade), Bonsor e Fernandez exploraram o site comercialmente, vendendo muitas das valiosas antiguidades ali descobertas. Um grande tesouro de moedas de ouro visigóticas foi encontrado em 1891 em La Capilla, aproximadamente cinco milhas a leste de Carmona. Somente 67 das 505 moedas foram definitivamente identificadas. (pt)
|
-20110916.jpg){kind=link}
-20110916.jpg){kind=link}
