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- The German horn is a brass instrument made of tubing wrapped into a coil with a flared bell, and in bands and orchestras is the most widely used of three types of horn, the other two being the (in the less common, narrower meaning of the term) and the Vienna horn. Its use among professional players has become so universal that it is only in France and Vienna that any other kind of horn is used today. A musician who plays the German horn is called a horn player (or less frequently, a hornist). The word "German" is used only to distinguish this instrument from the now-rare French and Viennese instruments. Although the expression "French horn" is still used colloquially in English for any orchestral horn (German, French, or Viennese), since the 1930s professional musicians and scholars have generally avoided this term in favour of just "horn". Vienna horns today are played only in Vienna, and are made only by Austrian firms. German horns, by contrast, are not all made by German manufacturers (e.g., Paxman in London; Conn in the US), nor are all French-style instruments made in France (e.g., Reynolds, during the 1940s and 50s in the US). (en)
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- Beakes, Jennifer. 2007. "The Horn Parts in Handel's Operas and Oratorios and the Horn Players Who Performed in These Works". DMA diss. New York: The City University of New York. (en)
- Whitener, Scott. 1990. A Complete Guide to Brass, with a foreword by Charles Schlueter and illustrations by Cathy L. Whitener. London: Schirmer Books; Toronto: Collier Macmillan Canada; New York: Maxwell Macmillan International. (en)
- Morley-Pegge, Reginald. 1973. The French Horn: Some Notes on the Evolution of the Instrument and Its Technique, second edition. Instruments of the Orchestra. London: Ernest Benn; New York: Philosophical Library. Inc. . (en)
- Del Mar, Norman. 1983. Anatomy of the Orchestra, illustrated reprint, revised. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. . (en)
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- Wills, Simon. 1997. "Brass in the Modern Orchestra". In The Cambridge Companion to Brass Instruments, edited by Trevor Herbert and John Wallace, 157–76. Cambridge Companions to Music. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. . (en)
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- Anon. 2015. "F. A. Reynolds Horns". Contempora Corner . (en)
- Myers, Arnold. 1997. "Design Technology and Manufacture since 1800". In The Cambridge Companion to Brass Instruments, edited by Trevor Herbert and John Wallace, 115–130. Cambridge Companions to Music. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. ; . (en)
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- Piston, Walter. 1955. Orchestration. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. (en)
- Jacob, Gordon. 1946. "Appendix". In Charles-Marie Widor. The Technique of the Modern Orchestra: A Manual of Practical Instrumentation, second English edition, translated by Edward Suddard, with an appendix by Gordon Jacob, 199–216. London: Joseph Williams, Limited. Reprinted Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 2005. . (en)
- Meucci, Renato, and Gabriele Rocchetti. 2001. "Horn". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers. (en)
- Montagu, Jeremy. 1981. The World of Romantic and Modern Musical Instruments. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. . (en)
- Backus, John. 1977. The Acoustical Foundations of Music, second edition. New York: Norton. . (en)
- Monks, Greg. 2006. "The History of the Mellophone". Al's Mellophone Page . (en)
- Carse, Adam. 1939. Musical Wind Instruments: A History of the Wind Instruments Used in European Orchestras and Wind-Bands from the Later Middle Ages up to the Present Time. London: Macmillan and Co. Reprinted, with an introduction by Himie Voxman. New York: Da Capo Press, 1965. Paperback reprint, New York: Da Capo Press, 1975. . (en)
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| rdfs:comment
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- The German horn is a brass instrument made of tubing wrapped into a coil with a flared bell, and in bands and orchestras is the most widely used of three types of horn, the other two being the (in the less common, narrower meaning of the term) and the Vienna horn. Its use among professional players has become so universal that it is only in France and Vienna that any other kind of horn is used today. A musician who plays the German horn is called a horn player (or less frequently, a hornist). The word "German" is used only to distinguish this instrument from the now-rare French and Viennese instruments. Although the expression "French horn" is still used colloquially in English for any orchestral horn (German, French, or Viennese), since the 1930s professional musicians and scholars have (en)
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