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- Belief in witchcraft in Europe can be traced to classical antiquity and has continuous history during the Middle Ages, culminating in the Early Modern witch trials and giving rise to the fairy tale and popular culture "witch" stock character of modern times, as well as to the concept of the "modern witch" in Wicca and related movements of contemporary witchcraft. In medieval and early modern Europe, accused witches were usually women who were believed to have used magic to cause harm and misfortune to members of their own community. Witchcraft was seen as immoral and often thought to involve communion with evil beings, such as a "Deal with the Devil". It was believed witchcraft could be thwarted by protective magic or counter-magic, which could be provided by the cunning folk. Suspected witches were also intimidated, banished, attacked or lynched. Often they would be formally prosecuted and punished if found guilty. European witch-hunts and witch trials in the early modern period led to tens of thousands of executions - almost always of women who did not practice witchcraft. European belief in witchcraft gradually dwindled during and after the Age of Enlightenment. The topic is a complex amalgamation of the practices of folk healers, folk magic, ancient belief in sorcery in pagan Europe, Christian views on heresy, medieval and early modern practice of ceremonial magic and simple fiction in folklore and literature. (en)
- Opvattingen over heksen en hekserij in Europa kennen een lange geschiedenis. De termen heks en hekserij worden meestal geassocieerd met sprookjes of met de heksenvervolgingen die Europa van de 15e tot de 18e eeuw teisterden. Dit artikel geeft een overzicht van de ontwikkeling van de opvattingen die leidden tot stereotiepe voorstellingen van 'heksen'. De literatuur, specialistische historische en antropologische studies laten zien dat opvattingen omtrent hekserij evolueren. (nl)
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