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- Calafia, or Califia, is the fictional queen of the island of California, first introduced by 16th century poet Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo in his epic novel of chivalry, Las sergas de Esplandián (The Adventures of Esplandián), written around 1510. The Californias, a region of North America encompassing the U.S. state of California and the Mexican states of Baja California and Baja California Sur, take their name from Calafia and her kingdom. In the novel, Calafia is a pagan warrior queen who ruled over a kingdom of black women living on the Island of California (an island off the coast of Asia). Calafia is convinced to raise an army of women warriors and sail away from California with a large flock of trained griffins so that she can join a Muslim battle against Christians who are defending Constantinople. In the siege, the griffins harm enemy and friendly forces, so they are withdrawn. Calafia and her ally Radiaro fight in single combat against the Christian leaders, a king and his son the knight Esplandián. Calafia is bested and taken prisoner, and she converts to Christianity. She marries a cousin of Esplandián and returns with her army to California for further adventures. The name of Calafia was likely formed from the Arabic word khalifa (religious state leader) that is known as caliph in English and califa in Spanish. Similarly, the name of Calafia's realm, California, likely originated from the same root, fabricated by the author to remind the 16th century Spanish reader of the reconquista, a centuries-long fight between Christians Iberians and Muslims Arabs Invaders that had recently concluded in Spain. The character of Calafia is used by Rodríguez de Montalvo to portray the superiority of chivalry in which the attractive virgin queen is conquered, converted to Christian beliefs, and married off. The book was very popular for many decades—Hernán Cortés read it—and it was selected by author Miguel de Cervantes as the first of many popular and presumed-harmful books to be burnt by characters in his famous novel Don Quixote. Calafia has been depicted as the Spirit of California, and has been the subject of modern-day sculpture, paintings, stories, and films; she often figures in the myth of California's origin, symbolizing an untamed and bountiful land prior to European settlement. (en)
- Califia (anche Calafia) è la leggendaria regina a capo di un popolo di sole donne che abitavano un'immaginaria isola dell'oceano indiano. La leggenda della regina Califia e delle donne guerriere dalla pelle scura è associata alla mitica e ricchissima Isola di California e fu trasposta nella novella Las sergas de Esplandián (Le avventure di Esplandián), scritta nel 1510 dallo spagnolo Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. Lo stato americano della California probabilmente deve il suo nome ai primi esploratori che, nel 1536 al seguito di Hernán Cortés, nella convinzione di essere approdati su un'isola (invece che sulla lunga penisola che oggi si chiama Bassa California) le attribuirono il nome. (it)
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- Calafia, or Califia, is the fictional queen of the island of California, first introduced by 16th century poet Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo in his epic novel of chivalry, Las sergas de Esplandián (The Adventures of Esplandián), written around 1510. The Californias, a region of North America encompassing the U.S. state of California and the Mexican states of Baja California and Baja California Sur, take their name from Calafia and her kingdom. (en)
- Califia (anche Calafia) è la leggendaria regina a capo di un popolo di sole donne che abitavano un'immaginaria isola dell'oceano indiano. La leggenda della regina Califia e delle donne guerriere dalla pelle scura è associata alla mitica e ricchissima Isola di California e fu trasposta nella novella Las sergas de Esplandián (Le avventure di Esplandián), scritta nel 1510 dallo spagnolo Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. (it)
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