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- The first known observations and recording of a transit of Venus were made in 1639 by the English astronomers Jeremiah Horrocks and his friend and correspondent William Crabtree. The pair made their observations independently on 4 December that year (24 November under the Julian calendar then used in England); Horrocks from Carr House, then in the village of Much Hoole, Lancashire, and Crabtree from his home in Broughton, near Manchester. The friends, followers of the new astronomy of Johannes Kepler, were self-taught mathematical astronomers who had worked methodically to correct and improve Kepler's Rudolphine tables by mere observation and measurement. In 1639, Horrocks was the only astronomer to realise that a transit of Venus was imminent; others became aware of it only after the event when Horrocks's report of it was circulated. Although the friends both died within five years of making their observations, their ground-breaking work was influential in establishing the size of the Solar System; for this and their other achievements Horrocks and Crabtree, along with their correspondent William Gascoigne, are considered to be the founding fathers of British research astronomy. (en)
- Le transit de Vénus de 1639 est le premier transit de la planète dont on connait des observations astronomiques, réalisées le 4 décembre 1639 par les astronomes anglais Jeremiah Horrocks et William Crabtree. Les deux astronomes, amis et correspondants, réalisèrent leurs observations indépendamment en Angleterre. Horrocks et Crabtree, disciples des théories nouvelles de Johannes Kepler, étaient des astronomes autodidactes qui travaillèrent méthodiquement pour corriger et améliorer les tables rudolphines de Kepler. En 1639, Horrocks fut le seul astronome à réaliser qu'un transit de Vénus était imminent ; les autres ne prirent conscience de l'événement qu'après la publication du compte rendu des observations de Horrocks. Les deux amis moururent dans les cinq années qui suivirent, mais leur travail eut une importance considérable pour établir la taille du système solaire ; en partie pour ces raisons, Horrocks et Crabtree, ainsi que leur correspondant William Gascoigne, sont considérés comme les fondateurs de la recherche astronomique britannique. (fr)
- 英国天文学家杰雷米亚·霍罗克斯及其友人对于1639年金星凌日的观测是已知的首次留有记录的金星凌日观测。他们在那年的12月4日（按照英格兰当时通行的儒略历是11月24日）各自独立地进行了观察：霍罗克斯是在兰开夏郡的以及村观测的，克拉布特里则是在曼彻斯特附近的家中观测的。 约翰内斯·开普勒的友人及其创造的新天文学的追随者一直通过观测来修正改进开普勒的魯道夫星曆表。霍罗克斯是唯一一个意识到1639年金星凌日将要到来的天文学家，其他的天文学家是在霍罗克斯的报告广为传播后才意识到的。尽管二人在完成此次观测后五年内双双离世，但他们突破性的工作对于太阳系体积的研究具有深远影响。由于此次观测以及其他的一系列成就，霍罗克斯、克拉布特里以及他们的笔友被尊为英国天文学研究之父。 (zh)
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- Thy return posterity shall witness; years must roll away, but then at length the splendid sight again shall greet our distant children's eyes. (Jeremiah Horrocks) (en)
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- Venus in sole visa (en)
- Venus in sole visa' (en)
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- When the time of the observation approached, I retired to my apartment, and having closed the windows against the light, I directed my telescope, previously adjusted to a focus, through the aperture towards the Sun and received his rays at right angles upon the paper ... I watched carefully on the 24th from sunrise to nine o'clock, and from a little before ten until noon, and at one in the afternoon, being called away in the intervals by business of the highest importance which, for these ornamental pursuits, I could not with propriety neglect ... About fifteen minutes past three in the afternoon, when I was again at liberty to continue my labours, the clouds, as if by divine interposition, were entirely dispersed ... I then beheld a most agreeable spectacle, the object of my sanguine wishes, a spot of unusual magnitude and of a perfectly circular shape, which had already fully entered upon the Sun's disk on the left ... Not doubting that this was really the shadow of the planet, I immediately applied myself sedulously to observe it ... although Venus continued on the disk for several hours, she was not visible to me longer than half-an-hour, on account of [the Sun] so quickly setting ... The inclination was the only point upon which I failed to attain the utmost precision; for, owing to the rapid motion of the Sun, it was difficult to observe with certainty to a single degree ... But all the rest is sufficiently accurate, and as exact as I could desire. (en)
- The chance of a clouded atmosphere caused me much anxiety; for Jupiter and Mercury were in conjunction with the Sun almost at the same time as Venus. This remarkable assemblage of the planets , seemed to forebode great severity of weather. Mercury, whose conjunction with the Sun is invariably attended with storm and tempest, was especially to be feared. In this apprehension I coincide with the opinion of the astrologers, because it is confirmed by experience; but in other respects I cannot help despising their more puerile vanities. (en)
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- 英国天文学家杰雷米亚·霍罗克斯及其友人对于1639年金星凌日的观测是已知的首次留有记录的金星凌日观测。他们在那年的12月4日（按照英格兰当时通行的儒略历是11月24日）各自独立地进行了观察：霍罗克斯是在兰开夏郡的以及村观测的，克拉布特里则是在曼彻斯特附近的家中观测的。 约翰内斯·开普勒的友人及其创造的新天文学的追随者一直通过观测来修正改进开普勒的魯道夫星曆表。霍罗克斯是唯一一个意识到1639年金星凌日将要到来的天文学家，其他的天文学家是在霍罗克斯的报告广为传播后才意识到的。尽管二人在完成此次观测后五年内双双离世，但他们突破性的工作对于太阳系体积的研究具有深远影响。由于此次观测以及其他的一系列成就，霍罗克斯、克拉布特里以及他们的笔友被尊为英国天文学研究之父。 (zh)
- The first known observations and recording of a transit of Venus were made in 1639 by the English astronomers Jeremiah Horrocks and his friend and correspondent William Crabtree. The pair made their observations independently on 4 December that year (24 November under the Julian calendar then used in England); Horrocks from Carr House, then in the village of Much Hoole, Lancashire, and Crabtree from his home in Broughton, near Manchester. (en)
- Le transit de Vénus de 1639 est le premier transit de la planète dont on connait des observations astronomiques, réalisées le 4 décembre 1639 par les astronomes anglais Jeremiah Horrocks et William Crabtree. Les deux astronomes, amis et correspondants, réalisèrent leurs observations indépendamment en Angleterre. (fr)
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- 1639 transit of Venus (en)
- Transit de Vénus de 1639 (fr)
- 1639年金星凌日 (zh)
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