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Subject Item
dbr:Yeomanry_Cavalry
rdf:type
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rdfs:label
义勇骑兵 Caballería de Yeomanry Yeomanry Cavalry
rdfs:comment
义勇骑兵(英語：Yeomanry Cavalry)，是最早自18世纪末法国大革命战争期间以来英国在为防备登陆入侵而设立的一种带有驻屯性质的预备役，编入（或称“不列颠志愿军”）中。 义勇骑兵的英文词源“自耕农”(英語：Yeoman)是对近代英国郡县内绅士阶级以下、社会地位良好的拥有一些私产的农民之称呼，与佃农区别；由此可见义勇骑兵最初主要从农牧郡县小资产阶级中招募兵员。尽管社会地位是一个很重要的前提，个人财力是义勇骑兵的主要招募标准；因为义勇骑兵需要自负养马、粮饷的开销。义勇骑兵的军官则遵循同时代欧洲惯例从贵族或有产绅士中招募。正因为军官传统上均有较高的社会地位，在政府鼓励财力充足的英国新贵族积极参加军官队伍的同时，他们也得以提升自己的社会地位。从19世纪晚期开始，市镇中参加义勇骑兵的人数亦逐渐增多--体现在到20世纪初期，使用雇佣马匹的义勇骑兵已经愈发常见。 La caballería de Yeomanry era el componente montado del , un grupo militar establecido a fines del siglo XVIII durante las guerras revolucionarias francesas.​ Los yeoman eran individuos con cierto prestigio social, por debajo de un caballero, mientras que el yeomanry era inicialmente una fuerza militar asentada en los condados rurales. Su reclutamiento era responsabilidad primordialmente de los terratenientes, y uno de los requisitos era que debían proporcionar sus propios caballos para las actividades del grupo.​ Por lo general los oficiales provenían de la aristocracia terrateniente y, aunque esto era un aspecto importante para su selección, lo cierto es que el criterio más determinante era la riqueza personal.​​ Por ende, era habitual que los nuevos ricos optaran por incorporarse a los The Yeomanry Cavalry was the mounted component of the British Volunteer Corps, a military auxiliary established in the late 18th century amid fears of invasion and insurrection during the French Revolutionary Wars. A yeoman was a person of respectable standing, one social rank below a gentleman, and the yeomanry was initially a rural, county-based force. Members were required to provide their own horses and were recruited mainly from landholders and tenant farmers, though the middle class also featured prominently in the rank and file. Officers were largely recruited from among the nobility and landed gentry. A commission generally involved significant personal expense, and although social status was an important qualification, the primary factor was personal wealth. From the beginning, th
rdfs:seeAlso
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Yeomanry Cavalry
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dbo:thumbnail
n5:Westminster_cavalry.jpg?width=300
dbp:alt
Drawing of a yeomanry cavalryman on horseback
dbp:caption
by Thomas Rowlandson Yeomanry Cavalryman in a 1798 painting
dbp:dates
1794
dbp:type
Auxiliary cavalry
dbp:unitName
Yeomanry Cavalry
dbo:abstract
La caballería de Yeomanry era el componente montado del , un grupo militar establecido a fines del siglo XVIII durante las guerras revolucionarias francesas.​ Los yeoman eran individuos con cierto prestigio social, por debajo de un caballero, mientras que el yeomanry era inicialmente una fuerza militar asentada en los condados rurales. Su reclutamiento era responsabilidad primordialmente de los terratenientes, y uno de los requisitos era que debían proporcionar sus propios caballos para las actividades del grupo.​ Por lo general los oficiales provenían de la aristocracia terrateniente y, aunque esto era un aspecto importante para su selección, lo cierto es que el criterio más determinante era la riqueza personal.​​ Por ende, era habitual que los nuevos ricos optaran por incorporarse a los Yeomanry para mejorar su posición social, a la vez que apoyaban financieramente la causa. Los Yeomanry servían tanto como un instrumento de ley y orden como una organización militar, y sus términos de servicio enfatizaban la defensa contra la insurrección y la invasión.​ Se le convocó una sola vez para evitar una invasión extranjera en 1797, cuando la francesa desembarcó en Fishguard (Gales), y los Yeomanry de Castlemartin formaron parte del grupo que derrotó a los invasores durante la .​ Durante su funcionamiento, resultó más común su involucramiento como fuerzas policíacas en sucesos como los juicios de la London Corresponding Society en 1794, los disturbios por comida de 1795, las protestas por cercamiento, la destrucción ocasionada por los luditas y los disturbios por parte de militares desmovilizados en los años previos de las guerras con Francia.​​ En 1801 eran 21 000 inscritos en la milicia Yeomanry dispersos en tropas que se ubicaban en la mayoría de los condados ingleses, varios galeses y algunos escoceses. Por lo general estaban asentados en ciudades, pueblos y fincas de la nobleza, y variaban en cantidad de uno a más de veinte en un mismo condado. Algunas tropas también se formaron en Irlanda como resultado del dominio protestante. El Tratadode Amiens en 1802 produjo la reducción de las fuerzas militares, pero gracias a una legislación se consiguió que los Volunteer Corps pudiesen seguir operando sin remuneraciones a sus elementos. Pese a que los Yeomanry rechazaron esta medida, el advenimiento de la guerra en 1803 condujo al incremento de sus fuerzas.​​ 义勇骑兵(英語：Yeomanry Cavalry)，是最早自18世纪末法国大革命战争期间以来英国在为防备登陆入侵而设立的一种带有驻屯性质的预备役，编入（或称“不列颠志愿军”）中。 义勇骑兵的英文词源“自耕农”(英語：Yeoman)是对近代英国郡县内绅士阶级以下、社会地位良好的拥有一些私产的农民之称呼，与佃农区别；由此可见义勇骑兵最初主要从农牧郡县小资产阶级中招募兵员。尽管社会地位是一个很重要的前提，个人财力是义勇骑兵的主要招募标准；因为义勇骑兵需要自负养马、粮饷的开销。义勇骑兵的军官则遵循同时代欧洲惯例从贵族或有产绅士中招募。正因为军官传统上均有较高的社会地位，在政府鼓励财力充足的英国新贵族积极参加军官队伍的同时，他们也得以提升自己的社会地位。从19世纪晚期开始，市镇中参加义勇骑兵的人数亦逐渐增多--体现在到20世纪初期，使用雇佣马匹的义勇骑兵已经愈发常见。 The Yeomanry Cavalry was the mounted component of the British Volunteer Corps, a military auxiliary established in the late 18th century amid fears of invasion and insurrection during the French Revolutionary Wars. A yeoman was a person of respectable standing, one social rank below a gentleman, and the yeomanry was initially a rural, county-based force. Members were required to provide their own horses and were recruited mainly from landholders and tenant farmers, though the middle class also featured prominently in the rank and file. Officers were largely recruited from among the nobility and landed gentry. A commission generally involved significant personal expense, and although social status was an important qualification, the primary factor was personal wealth. From the beginning, the newly rich, who found in the yeomanry a means of enhancing their social standing, were welcomed into the officer corps for their ability to support the force financially. Urban recruitment increased towards the end of the 19th century, reflected in the early 20th century by increasingly common use of hired mounts. The yeomanry was first used in support of local authorities to suppress civil unrest, most notably during the food riots of 1795. Its only use in national defence was in 1797, when the Castlemartin Yeomanry helped defeat a small French invasion in the Battle of Fishguard. Although the Volunteer Corps was disbanded following the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, the yeomanry was retained as a politically reliable force which could be deployed in support of the civil authorities. It often served as mounted police until the middle of the 19th century. Most famously, the Manchester and Salford Yeomanry was largely responsible for the Peterloo Massacre, in which some 17 people were killed and up to 650 were injured, while policing a rally for parliamentary reform in Manchester in 1819. The yeomanry was also deployed against striking colliers in the 1820s, during the Swing riots of the early 1830s and the Chartist disturbances of the late 1830s and early 1840s. The exclusive membership set the yeomanry apart from the population it policed, and as better law enforcement options became available the yeomanry was increasingly held back for fear that its presence would provoke confrontation. Its social status made the force a popular target for caricature, particularly after Peterloo, and it was often satirised in the press, in literature and on the stage. The establishment of civilian police forces and renewed invasion scares in the middle of the 19th century turned the focus of the yeomanry to national defence, but its effectiveness and value in this role was increasingly questioned. It declined in strength, surviving largely due to its members political influence and willingness to subsidise the force financially. A series of government committees failed to address the force's problems. The last, in 1892, found a place for the yeomanry in the country's mobilisation scheme, but it was not until a succession of failures by the regular army during the Second Boer War that the yeomanry found a new relevance as mounted infantry. It provided the nucleus for the separate Imperial Yeomanry, and after the war, the yeomanry was re-branded en bloc as the Imperial Yeomanry. It ceased to exist as a separate institution in 1908, when the yeomanry became the mounted component of the Territorial Force. Yeomanry regiments fought mounted and dismounted in both the First World War and the Second World War. The yeomanry heritage is maintained in the 21st century largely by four yeomanry regiments of the British Army Reserve, in which many 19th century regiments are represented as squadrons.
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