| p:abstract
| - The Second Boer War (Dutch: Tweede Boerenoorlog, Afrikaans: Tweede Boereoorlog), commonly referred to as The Boer War and also known as the South African War (outside of South Africa), the Anglo-Boer War (among most South Africans) and in Afrikaans as the Boereoorlog or Tweede Vryheidsoorlog ("Second War of Liberation"), was fought from 11 October 1899 until 31 May, 1902, between the British Empire and the two independent Boer republics of the Orange Free State and the South African Republic (Transvaal Republic).
The origins of the war were complex, resulting from over two centuries of conflict between the Boers and the British. The British had in 1806, during the Napoleonic Wars, taken permanent possession of the Cape Colony and over subsequent decades successive waves of Boers had migrated away from the rule of the British Empire in the Cape Colony, first along the eastern coast towards Natal and then, after Natal was annexed in 1843, northwards towards the interior where two independent Boer republics (the Orange Free State, and the South African Republic - also called the Transvaal) were established. The British recognised the two Boer Republics in 1852 and 1854 but the annexation of the Transvaal in 1877 lead to the First Boer War, 1880-1. After British defeats, most heavily at the Battle of Majuba, Transvaal independence was restored subject to certain conditions but relations were uneasy.
When in 1886 massive deposits of gold were discovered in the Transvaal, a huge inflow of uitlanders (foreigners), mainly from Britain, came to the region in search of employment and fortune. Gold made the Transvaal the richest and potentially the most powerful nation in southern Africa but it also resulted in the number of uitlanders in the Transvaal eventually exceeding the number of Boers and precipitated confrontations over the old order and the new. Disputes over uitlander political and economic rights resulted in the failed Jameson Raid of 1895. This raid led by (and named after) Dr Leander Starr Jameson, the Administrator in Rhodesia of the Chartered Company was intended to encourage an uprising of the uitlanders in Johannesburg. However Johannesburg failed to rise and Transvaal government forces surrounded the column and captured Jameson's men before they could reach Johannesburg.
As tensions escalated from local to national level, there were political manouverings and lengthy negotiations to reach a compromise ostensibly over the issue of 'uitlander rights' but ultimately over control of the gold mining industry and the British desire to incorporate the Transvaal and the Orange Free State in a federation under British control. Given the number of British uitlanders already resident in the Transvaal and the ongoing inflow, the Boers recognised that the franchise policy demanded by the British would inevitably result in the loss of independence of the Transvaal. (en)
- Der Zweite Burenkrieg (auch Südafrikanischer Krieg) von 1899-1902 war ein Konflikt zwischen Großbritannien und den Burenrepubliken Oranje Freistaat und Südafrikanische Republik (Transvaal), der mit deren Eingliederung in das Britische Imperium endete. Ursachen waren einerseits das Streben Großbritanniens nach den Bodenschätzen der Region und nach einem territorial geschlossenen Kolonialreich in Afrika und andererseits die uitlander - feindliche Gesetzgebung der Burenrepubliken. (de)
- De Tweede Boerenoorlog (ook bekend als de Tweede Vrijheidsoorlog, Zuid-Afrikaanse Oorlog of Anglo-Boerenoorlog) was een oorlog tussen de Afrikaners (afstammelingen van Nederlandse kolonisten) en het Britse Rijk. (nl)
- A Segunda Guerra Boer (ou dos bôeres) foi o confronto entre o Reino Unido e a população bôer, descendente de colonizadores holandeses e fundadores das repúblicas independentes de Transvaal e Orange, no nordeste da África do Sul. O conflito, que durou de 1899 a 1902, iniciou-se com a tentativa da Coroa britânica de anexar as duas repúblicas, ricas em jazidas de diamante, ouro e ferro. Os bôeres, que ocupavam a região desde 1830, lutaram para preservar sua independência. Os ingleses vêem nesse nacionalismo um perigo à dominação do Reino Unido no sul da África.
A princípio, a supremacia é dos bôeres, que começam a guerra. Invadem a colônia do Cabo, além de sitiar cidades importantes e anexar territórios ingleses. Mas, em 1902, acontece a contra-ofensiva inglesa. A superioridade britânica em homens e armamentos derrota os bôeres.
As tropas inglesas devastavam e queimavam as propriedades ao longo da guerra. Os bôeres capturados (homens, mulheres e crianças) são colocados em campos de confinamento, onde morrem cerca de 20 mil pessoas. As notícias sobre o tratamento desumano dado pelos ingleses aos prisioneiros intensificaram a imagem negativa do Reino Unido perante a opinião internacional. Com a Paz de Vereeniging (1902), as repúblicas são incorporadas ao Reino Unido e, em 1910, juntaram-se às colônias do Cabo e de Natal para constituir a União Sul-Africana. (pt)
- Англо-бурская война 1899—1902, война Великобритании против бурских республик — Южно-Африканской республики (Трансвааля) и Оранжевого Свободного государства (Оранжевой Республики), закончившаяся победой Британской империи.
Новое время, 1899]] (ru)
- Andra Boerkriget (i Storbritannien kallat the Second Boer War, the Boer War eller the South African War, "boerkriget", på afrikaans anglo-boereoorlog eller tweede Vryheidsoorlog, "andra frihetskriget") 1899-1902 utkämpades om herraväldet
i Sydafrika mellan boerrepublikerna Transvaal och Oranjefristaten understödda av en boerresning i vissa delar av Kapkolonin på den ena sidan, mot Storbritannien på den andra sidan. Första boerkriget utspelades 1880-1881. (sv)
- 第二次布尔战争，1899年10月11日至1902年5月31日，英国与德兰士瓦共和国和奥兰治自由邦之间的战争。 (zh)
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| rdfs:comment
| - The Second Boer War (Dutch: Tweede Boerenoorlog, Afrikaans: Tweede Boereoorlog), commonly referred to as The Boer War and also known as the South African War (outside of South Africa), the Anglo-Boer War (among most South Africans) and in Afrikaans as the Boereoorlog or Tweede Vryheidsoorlog ("Second War of Liberation"), was fought from 11 October 1899 until 31 May, 1902, between the British Empire and the two independent Boer republics of the Orange Free State and the South African Republic (Transvaal Republic). (en)
- Der Zweite Burenkrieg (auch Südafrikanischer Krieg) von 1899-1902 war ein Konflikt zwischen Großbritannien und den Burenrepubliken Oranje Freistaat und Südafrikanische Republik (Transvaal), der mit deren Eingliederung in das Britische Imperium endete. Ursachen waren einerseits das Streben Großbritanniens nach den Bodenschätzen der Region und nach einem territorial geschlossenen Kolonialreich in Afrika und andererseits die uitlander - feindliche Gesetzgebung der Burenrepubliken. (de)
- De Tweede Boerenoorlog (ook bekend als de Tweede Vrijheidsoorlog, Zuid-Afrikaanse Oorlog of Anglo-Boerenoorlog) was een oorlog tussen de Afrikaners (afstammelingen van Nederlandse kolonisten) en het Britse Rijk. (nl)
- A Segunda Guerra Boer (ou dos bôeres) foi o confronto entre o Reino Unido e a população bôer, descendente de colonizadores holandeses e fundadores das repúblicas independentes de Transvaal e Orange, no nordeste da África do Sul. O conflito, que durou de 1899 a 1902, iniciou-se com a tentativa da Coroa britânica de anexar as duas repúblicas, ricas em jazidas de diamante, ouro e ferro. Os bôeres, que ocupavam a região desde 1830, lutaram para preservar sua independência. (pt)
- Англо-бурская война 1899—1902, война Великобритании против бурских республик — Южно-Африканской республики (Трансвааля) и Оранжевого Свободного государства (Оранжевой Республики), закончившаяся победой Британской империи. Новое время, 1899]] (ru)
- Andra Boerkriget (i Storbritannien kallat the Second Boer War, the Boer War eller the South African War, "boerkriget", på afrikaans anglo-boereoorlog eller tweede Vryheidsoorlog, "andra frihetskriget") 1899-1902 utkämpades om herraväldet i Sydafrika mellan boerrepublikerna Transvaal och Oranjefristaten understödda av en boerresning i vissa delar av Kapkolonin på den ena sidan, mot Storbritannien på den andra sidan. Första boerkriget utspelades 1880-1881. (sv)
- 第二次布尔战争，1899年10月11日至1902年5月31日，英国与德兰士瓦共和国和奥兰治自由邦之间的战争。 (zh)
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