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Subject Item
dbr:List_of_female_fellows_of_the_Royal_Society
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قائمة الزملاء الإناث في الجمعية الملكية Lista de membros femininos da Royal Society List of female fellows of the Royal Society 皇家学会女会士列表
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Fellowship of the Royal Society is open to scientists, engineers and technologists from the United Kingdom and Commonwealth of Nations, on the basis of having made "a substantial contribution to the improvement of natural knowledge, including mathematics, engineering science and medical science". Election to the Fellowship is highly regarded and sought after, bringing prestige to both the individual academically and the institution the Fellow is associated with. For scientists in the United Kingdom, the recognition is considered second only to being awarded the Nobel Prize. A associação à Royal Society é aberta a cientistas, engenheiros e tecnologistas do Reino Unido e Commonwealth, condicionada por ter feito "uma contribuição substancial para o aprimoramento do conhecimento natural, incluindo matemática, ciências da engenharia e da medicina". A eleição como membro da Royal Society é um símbolo de prestígio a ambos, o indivíduo e a instituição a que pertence. زمالة الجمعية الملكية مفتوحة للعلماء والمهندسين والتكنولوجيين من المملكة المتحدة ودول الكومنولث، حيث قدمت «مُساهمة كبيرة في تحسين المعرفة الطبيعية، بما في ذلك الرياضيات والعلوم والهندسة والعلوم الطبية». 英国皇家学会会士资格面向英国和英联邦成员国的科学家、工程师和工艺师，只要他们“在数学、工程科学和医学等领域的自然知识发展方面做出重大的贡献 ”。当选为会士受到高度重视和追捧，给个人和所在机构都会带来极大的学术声望。英國科学家视当选皇家学会会士为仅次于诺贝尔奖的荣誉。 皇家学会最初的章程和规章并没有明文规定禁止女性入选皇家学会会士，但是自皇家学会很长的历史时间里，女士事实上无法入选会士。亨利八世颁布《》，女修道院都被解散，女性都被学校和大学逐出，因此，英国女性在17和18世纪没有接受正式教育机会。1829年伦敦动物学会成立，1833年英国皇家昆虫学会成立，这两个学会自创立就允许女性做会员，自此，女人逐渐得以加入。 截至2014年，共有133名女性入选皇家学会会士。有两名女会士在未修改章程之前入选，一名女会士因其为科学事业做的服务入选为荣誉会士。有四名女会士来自英国王室，做皇家会士或皇家学会赞助人。皇家学会在世的会士和外籍会士约1600人，约5%为女性。
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Female fellows of the Royal Society
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Female fellows of the Royal Society
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Contributions to the improvement of natural knowledge”
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Female fellows of the Royal Society elected from 2014 to 2018
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Total percentage of fellows
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Since Kathleen Lonsdale and Marjory Stephenson in 1945, around 9% of fellows of the Royal Society are women
dbo:abstract
A associação à Royal Society é aberta a cientistas, engenheiros e tecnologistas do Reino Unido e Commonwealth, condicionada por ter feito "uma contribuição substancial para o aprimoramento do conhecimento natural, incluindo matemática, ciências da engenharia e da medicina". A eleição como membro da Royal Society é um símbolo de prestígio a ambos, o indivíduo e a instituição a que pertence. Embora não houvesse impedimentos explícitos para a eleição de mulheres como fellows da Royal Society em suas cartas e estatutos originais, a eleição de membros femininos foi durante a longa história da sociedade de facto excludente de mulheres. Como consequência da Dissolução dos Mosteiros por Henrique VIII de Inglaterra, e exclusão feminina das escolas e universidades, a educação formal de adolescentes e mulheres britânicas foi efetivamente riscada durante os séculos XVII e XVIII. As mulheres adquiriram lentamente admissão em sociedades científicas no Reino Unido no século XIX, com a fundação da Sociedade Zoológica de Londres em 1829 e da Real Sociedade Entomológica de Londres em 1833, ambas as quais admitiram mulheres como fellows desde sua fundação. O primeiro registro de uma mulher admitida como fellow da Royal Society ocorreu em 1900, quando Marian Farquharson, a primeira fellow feminina da , enviou uma carta à Royal Society com uma petição que "mulheres devidamente qualificadas devem ter a vantagem de plena participação". Em sua resposta, o concelho afirmou que a questão de mulheres fellow "deve depender da interpretação sobre a carta real sob a qual a sociedade tem sido governada a mais de três séculos". Quando Hertha Marks Ayrton foi nomeada como fellow em 1902, sua candidatura foi recusada pelo fato de ser uma mulher casada. O tornou ilegal o fato de uma sociedade incorporada negar admissão sob a distinção de sexo ou estado civil. Enquanto a sociedade concordava com as provisões da seção a do ato em 1925, em resposta à questão originalmente lançada pela três anos antes, somente em 1943 foi outra mulher nomeada como fellow. Kathleen Lonsdale e Marjory Stephenson foram eleitas em 1945, após uma votação por correio alterando os estatutos a fim de permitir explicitamente mulheres como fellows. Até 2014 um total de 133 mulheres foram eleitas fellow. Duas mulheres foram eleitas de acordo com o regulamento do antigo Estatuto 12 e uma Honorary Fellow por seu engajamento a serviço da ciência. Outras quatro mulheres, da família real britânica, foram Royal Fellows ou Patrons da sociedade. Dos aproximadamente 1600 membros vivos, 5 por cento são mulheres. زمالة الجمعية الملكية مفتوحة للعلماء والمهندسين والتكنولوجيين من المملكة المتحدة ودول الكومنولث، حيث قدمت «مُساهمة كبيرة في تحسين المعرفة الطبيعية، بما في ذلك الرياضيات والعلوم والهندسة والعلوم الطبية». Fellowship of the Royal Society is open to scientists, engineers and technologists from the United Kingdom and Commonwealth of Nations, on the basis of having made "a substantial contribution to the improvement of natural knowledge, including mathematics, engineering science and medical science". Election to the Fellowship is highly regarded and sought after, bringing prestige to both the individual academically and the institution the Fellow is associated with. For scientists in the United Kingdom, the recognition is considered second only to being awarded the Nobel Prize. While there was no explicit prohibition of women as Fellow of the Royal Society in its original charters and statutes, election to the fellowships was for much of the Society's history de facto closed to women. As a result of the dissolution of nunneries in connection with the Dissolution of the Monasteries by Henry VIII, and female exclusion from schools and universities, the formal education of British girls and women was effectively non-existent throughout the 17th and 18th centuries. Women slowly gained admittance to learned societies in the UK starting in the 19th century, with the founding of the Zoological Society of London in 1829 and the Royal Entomological Society in 1833, both of which admitted women fellows from their inception. The first recorded question of women being admitted to the Royal Society occurred in 1900, when Marian Farquharson, the first female fellow of the Royal Microscopical Society, sent a letter to the Council of the Royal Society petitioning that "duly qualified women should have the advantage of full fellowship". In its reply, the Council stated that the question of women fellows "must depend on the interpretation to be placed upon the Royal Charters under which the Society has been governed for more than three hundred years". When Hertha Ayrton was nominated for fellowship in 1902, her candidature was turned down on the basis that as a married woman she had no standing in law. The Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act 1919 made it illegal for an incorporated society to refuse admission on the grounds of an individual's sex or marital status. While the Society acknowledged the provision of section 1 of the Act in 1925, in reply to a question originally put to them by the Women's Engineering Society three years prior, it was not until 1943 that another woman was nominated for fellowship. Kathleen Lonsdale and Marjory Stephenson were duly elected in 1945, after a postal vote amending the Society's statutes to explicitly allow women fellows. As of 2020, a total of 198 women have been elected fellows. Two women have been elected under the Society's former Statute 12 regulation and two Honorary Fellows for their service to the cause of science. Another four women, from the British Royal Family, have been either Royal Fellow or Patron of the Society. Thirty six more women have been elected as Foreign Members. Of the approximately 1,600 living fellows and foreign members in 2018, 8.5 percent are women compared to 0.4% in 1945, according to a historical research project conducted by Aileen Fyfe and . 英国皇家学会会士资格面向英国和英联邦成员国的科学家、工程师和工艺师，只要他们“在数学、工程科学和医学等领域的自然知识发展方面做出重大的贡献 ”。当选为会士受到高度重视和追捧，给个人和所在机构都会带来极大的学术声望。英國科学家视当选皇家学会会士为仅次于诺贝尔奖的荣誉。 皇家学会最初的章程和规章并没有明文规定禁止女性入选皇家学会会士，但是自皇家学会很长的历史时间里，女士事实上无法入选会士。亨利八世颁布《》，女修道院都被解散，女性都被学校和大学逐出，因此，英国女性在17和18世纪没有接受正式教育机会。1829年伦敦动物学会成立，1833年英国皇家昆虫学会成立，这两个学会自创立就允许女性做会员，自此，女人逐渐得以加入。 有记录的第一个质疑皇家学会不选女会士的事情发生在1900年，第一位女会士给皇家学会理事会写了封请愿信，要求“完全合格的女性应该享有充分的会士权利” 。理事会在回信中说，女性当选会士的问题“根据皇家特许状处理，皇家学会事务自三百多年前就据此处理”。1902年，被提名为会士，她的候选资格被驳回，理由是她已婚，入选会士不符合法律。禁止法人团体以一个人的性别或婚姻状况为由拒绝加入。1925年，皇家学会回应三年前的质疑时，就以该法案的条款作答，但直到1943年，才有一名女性被提名为皇家学会会士，1945年，皇家学会通过邮寄投票的方式修正学会的章程，明文规定女性可以入选会士，本年被提名的如期当选会士。 截至2014年，共有133名女性入选皇家学会会士。有两名女会士在未修改章程之前入选，一名女会士因其为科学事业做的服务入选为荣誉会士。有四名女会士来自英国王室，做皇家会士或皇家学会赞助人。皇家学会在世的会士和外籍会士约1600人，约5%为女性。
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