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Statements

Subject Item
dbr:Western_esotericism
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Esoterismo ocidental Esoterismo occidental 西方秘契主義 서양 밀교 Esoterismo occidentale Western esotericism Esoterisme Barat Westerse esoterie باطنية غربية Західна езотерика Εσωτερισμός
rdfs:comment
서양 밀교(西洋 密敎, 영어: Western esotericism) 또는 서양 비교(西洋 秘敎, 영어: Western mystery tradition)는 낱말의 문자 그대로의 뜻은 "서양 세계의 비밀한 또는 내적인 가르침(Secret or esoteric teachings of the Western world)"이다. 서양의 밀교는 서양 세계의 신비적 · 신비주의적 · 밀교적 지식의 총체를 일컫는 낱말이며, 또한, 서양 사회에서 발견되는, 이러한 지식을 중요시하는 여러 영적인 전통들을 총괄하여 일컫는 낱말이다. 서양의 밀교 전통은, "내적 지식(inner knowledge)" 또는 "앎"(그노시스)에 강조를 준다는 점 외에는, 원천이 되는 특정한 하나의 가르침이 있거나 통일된 문헌이 있지 않으며 또한 언제나 내세우는 특정한 교의가 있지도 않다. 현재 서양에서는 자신들이 위의 밀교적 전통들의 부활 또는 연속이라고 생각하며 이들 전통들의 가르침을 행하는 많은 다양한 소규모의 단체들이 있다. Westerse esoterie is een vakgebied binnen de geesteswetenschappen dat onderzoek verricht naar uiteenlopende stromingen uit de westerse cultuurgeschiedenis die gemeen hebben dat ze door de heersende religieuze en academische instellingen werden verworpen als bronnen van legitieme kennis; door religie als ketters, door de wetenschap als irrationeel. Het vakgebied ontstond eind 20e eeuw. Daartoe behoren onder meer gnostiek, hermetica, alchemie, astrologie, magie, theosofie, mystiek en het moderne occultisme. Western esotericism, also known as esotericism, esoterism, and sometimes the Western mystery tradition, is a term scholars use to categorise a wide range of loosely related ideas and movements that developed within Western society. These ideas and currents are united since they are largely distinct both from orthodox Judeo-Christian religion and Enlightenment rationalism. Esotericism has pervaded various forms of Western philosophy, religion, pseudoscience, art, literature, and music—and continues to influence intellectual ideas and popular culture. Esoterisme Barat atau tradisi misteri Barat, adalah sebuah istilah yang dikategorisasikan oleh para cendekiawan terhahadap sejumlah besar gagasan dan gerakan terkait yang berkembang dalam masyarakat Barat. Gagasan dan gelombang tersebut disatukan oleh fakta bahwa mereka banyak berbeda dari agama ortodoks dan dari rasionalisme Abad Pencerahan. الباطنية الغربية (بالإنجليزية: Esotericism)‏ أو التقليد الباطني الغربي (أيضًا التقاليد الغربية المحكمة والصوفية الغربية والتقليد الغربي الداخلي والتقاليد الغامضة الغربية) هي مصطلح صنف العلماء ضمنه مجموعة واسعة من الأفكار والحركات المرتبطة بشكل فضفاض مع بعضها والتي تطورت ضمن المجتمع الغربي. Nell'esoterismo occidentale rientrano le idee e le tradizioni sviluppatesi in maniera specifica nel contesto della civiltà occidentale, appartenenti all'accezione generica di esoterismo (in greco antico: ἐσώτερος, esòteros, "interno") termine usato per indicare una dottrina o un insieme di dottrine caratterizzate dalla segretezza e il cui insegnamento era riservato a pochi a differenza di quello "essoterico" (in greco antico: ἐξωτερος, exoteròs) a cui tutti potevano accedere. Esoterismo occidental​ es un término bajo el cual los estudiosos han categorizado una amplia gama de ideas y movimientos vagamente relacionados desarrollados dentro de la sociedad occidental; la cual toma elementos del esoterismo tradicional de otras culturas, muchas veces targiversándolas o realizando cambios en el significado de los conceptos originales. 西方秘契主義或寫作密契主義(英語:Western esotericism),在英文語境中有時會直接被稱為esotericism(秘契主義)或者esoterism(秘傳的教義)兩種稱呼以及字彙的拼寫方式,此外有時西方社會的人們本身也會採用更通俗化的口吻而稱為Western mystery tradition(西方神秘傳統),這是學者對西方社會內部所發展起來各種各樣的相關鬆散神祕主義思想與運動而對其分類所產生的專業術語。這些思想與潮流是統一的,因為他們很大程度不同於正統猶太教或基督宗教以及啟蒙理性主義。目前秘契主義已滲透到各種形式的西方哲學、、偽科學、藝術、,以及音樂中──並繼續影響著知識分子的思想以及流行文化。可以這麼認定:秘契主義雖然是脫胎於宗教的,不過他們的專業領域是獨立於宗教之外的,但其內涵又不與宗教相互牴觸,本質上是屬於西方神祕學的一個組成部分;而西方神祕學另一個部份則是屬於秘術主義。秘契主義是著重在個人靈修方面的發展。 西方秘契主義一共有三個源流:一、古希臘羅馬宗教;二、希伯來宗教;三、古埃及宗教。 Ως εσωτερισμός εν γένει εννοείται η ύπαρξη εσωτερικών πεποιθήσεων ή πίστεων, δηλαδή ιδεών που γίνονται κατανοητές από μικρές συνήθως ομάδες ανθρώπων ή μυημένους ή είναι αποτέλεσμα εγγενούς ενδιαφέροντος. Ο όρος πηγάζει από τη λέξη ἐσωτερικός, σύνθετη του ἔσω, που υποδηλώνει την εσωτερικότητα ή μυστικισμό του συστήματος. Ως παραδείγματα εσωτερικών θρησκευτικών κινημάτων και φιλοσοφιών αναφέρονται: Esoterismo ocidental, às vezes referido também como tradição de mistério ocidental, é um termo sob o qual os estudiosos categorizaram uma ampla gama de ideias e movimentos vagamente relacionados que se desenvolveram na sociedade ocidental. Essas ideias e correntes estão unidas pelo fato de serem amplamente distintas tanto da religião judaico-cristã ortodoxa quanto do racionalismo iluminista. O esoterismo impregnou várias formas de filosofia, religião, pseudociência, arte, literatura e música ocidentais, continuando a afetar ideias intelectuais e a cultura popular.
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'Western esotericism' is not a natural term but an artificial category, applied retrospectively to a range of currents and ideas that were known by other names at least prior to the end of the eighteenth century. [This] means that, originally, not all those currents and ideas were necessarily seen as belonging together:... it is only as recently as the later seventeenth century that we find the first attempts at presenting them as one single, coherent field or domain, and at explaining what they have in common. In short, 'Western esotericism' is a modern scholarly construct, not an autonomous tradition that already existed out there and merely needed to be discovered by historians. Somewhat crudely, esotericism can be described as a Western form of spirituality that stresses the importance of the individual effort to gain spiritual knowledge, or gnosis, whereby man is confronted with the divine aspect of existence.
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— Historian of religion Henrik Bogdan, 2007. — The scholar of esotericism Wouter Hanegraaff, 2013.
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Western esotericism, also known as esotericism, esoterism, and sometimes the Western mystery tradition, is a term scholars use to categorise a wide range of loosely related ideas and movements that developed within Western society. These ideas and currents are united since they are largely distinct both from orthodox Judeo-Christian religion and Enlightenment rationalism. Esotericism has pervaded various forms of Western philosophy, religion, pseudoscience, art, literature, and music—and continues to influence intellectual ideas and popular culture. The idea of grouping a wide range of Western traditions and philosophies together under the term esotericism developed in Europe during the late seventeenth century. Various academics have debated various definitions of Western esotericism. One view adopts a definition from certain esotericist schools of thought themselves, treating "esotericism" as a perennial hidden inner tradition. A second perspective sees esotericism as a category of movements that embrace an "enchanted" worldview in the face of increasing disenchantment. A third views Western esotericism as encompassing all of Western culture's "rejected knowledge" that is accepted neither by the scientific establishment nor orthodox religious authorities. The earliest traditions that later analysis labelled as forms of Western esotericism emerged in the Eastern Mediterranean during Late Antiquity, where Hermeticism, Gnosticism, Neopythagoreanism and Neoplatonism developed as schools of thought distinct from what became mainstream Christianity. Renaissance Europe saw increasing interest in many of these older ideas, with various intellectuals combining "pagan" philosophies with the Kabbalah and Christian philosophy, resulting in the emergence of esoteric movements like Christian Kabbalah and Christian theosophy. The seventeenth century saw the development of initiatory societies professing esoteric knowledge such as Rosicrucianism and Freemasonry, while the Age of Enlightenment of the eighteenth century led to the development of new forms of esoteric thought. The nineteenth-century saw the emergence of new trends of esoteric thought now known as occultism. Prominent groups in this century included the Theosophical Society and the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn. Also important in this connexion is Martinus Thomsen's "spiritual science". Modern Paganism developed within occultism and includes religious movements such as Wicca. Esoteric ideas permeated the counterculture of the 1960s and later cultural tendencies, which led to the New Age phenomenon in the 1970s. The idea that these varying movements could be categorised together under the rubric of "Western esotericism" developed in the late eighteenth century, but these esoteric currents were largely ignored as a subject of academic enquiry. The academic study of Western esotericism only emerged in the late twentieth century, pioneered by scholars like Frances Yates and Antoine Faivre. Esoteric ideas have meanwhile also exerted an influence on popular culture, appearing in art, literature, film, and music. 서양 밀교(西洋 密敎, 영어: Western esotericism) 또는 서양 비교(西洋 秘敎, 영어: Western mystery tradition)는 낱말의 문자 그대로의 뜻은 "서양 세계의 비밀한 또는 내적인 가르침(Secret or esoteric teachings of the Western world)"이다. 서양의 밀교는 서양 세계의 신비적 · 신비주의적 · 밀교적 지식의 총체를 일컫는 낱말이며, 또한, 서양 사회에서 발견되는, 이러한 지식을 중요시하는 여러 영적인 전통들을 총괄하여 일컫는 낱말이다. 서양의 밀교에 포함되는 것들로는 고대 이집트 · 그리스 · 로마의 신비 종교들(Mystery Religions), 피타고라스주의(Pythagoreanism), 나스티시즘(영지주의 · Gnosticism), 연금술(Alchemy), 점성술(Astrology), 마법(Magic), (Theurgy), 신지학(Theosophy), 헤르메스주의(Hermeticism), 카발라(Kabbalah), (약초학 · Herbalism), 장미십자회(Rosicrucianism), 프리메이슨(Freemasonry), 신이교주의(Neopaganism) 등이 있으며, 이 보다 더 많은 가르침, 인물, 단체 또는 전통들이 있다. 서양의 밀교에는 유대교 신비주의인 카발라와 기독교 신비주의(예를 들어, 야콥 뵈메)와 같이 그 기원은 동양 세계에 있지만 서양 세계에서 받아들여 사용하게 된 것들도 함께 포함된다. 서양의 밀교 전통은, "내적 지식(inner knowledge)" 또는 "앎"(그노시스)에 강조를 준다는 점 외에는, 원천이 되는 특정한 하나의 가르침이 있거나 통일된 문헌이 있지 않으며 또한 언제나 내세우는 특정한 교의가 있지도 않다. 현재 서양에서는 자신들이 위의 밀교적 전통들의 부활 또는 연속이라고 생각하며 이들 전통들의 가르침을 행하는 많은 다양한 소규모의 단체들이 있다. 헤르메스주의(Hermeticism), 서양의 헤르메스 전통(Western Hermetic Tradition), 서양 신비주의(Western mysticism), 서양의 내적 전통(Western Inner Tradition), 서양 오컬트 전통(Western occult tradition), 서양의 신비 전통(Western mystery tradition) 등과 같은 낱말은 문맥에 따라 서양의 밀교 전체를 뜻하기도 한다. Esoterismo ocidental, às vezes referido também como tradição de mistério ocidental, é um termo sob o qual os estudiosos categorizaram uma ampla gama de ideias e movimentos vagamente relacionados que se desenvolveram na sociedade ocidental. Essas ideias e correntes estão unidas pelo fato de serem amplamente distintas tanto da religião judaico-cristã ortodoxa quanto do racionalismo iluminista. O esoterismo impregnou várias formas de filosofia, religião, pseudociência, arte, literatura e música ocidentais, continuando a afetar ideias intelectuais e a cultura popular. A ideia de agrupar uma ampla gama de tradições e filosofias ocidentais sob a categoria que agora é chamada de esoterismo desenvolveu-se na Europa durante o final do século XVII. Vários acadêmicos têm debatido como definir o esoterismo ocidental, com uma série de opções diferentes propostas. Um modelo acadêmico adota sua definição de "esoterismo" de certas escolas esotéricas de pensamento, tratando o "esoterismo" como uma tradição interior perenialista oculta. Uma segunda perspectiva enxerga o esoterismo como uma categoria que engloba movimentos que abraçam uma visão de mundo "encantada" em face do desencanto crescente. Uma terceira vê o esoterismo ocidental como uma categoria que engloba todo o "conhecimento rejeitado" da cultura ocidental que não é aceito nem pela instituição científica nem pelas autoridades religiosas ortodoxas. As primeiras tradições que a análise posterior rotularia como formas de esoterismo ocidental surgiram no Mediterrâneo Oriental durante a Antiguidade Tardia, onde o hermetismo, o gnosticismo e o neoplatonismo se desenvolveram como escolas de pensamento distintas do que se tornou o cristianismo dominante. A Europa da Renascença viu um interesse crescente em muitas dessas ideias mais antigas, com vários intelectuais combinando filosofias "pagãs" com a Cabala e a filosofia cristã, resultando no surgimento de movimentos esotéricos como a . O século XVII viu o desenvolvimento de sociedades iniciáticas que professavam conhecimento esotérico, como o Rosacrucianismo e a Maçonaria, enquanto a Era do Iluminismo do século XVIII levou ao desenvolvimento de novas formas de pensamento esotérico. O século XIX viu o surgimento de novas tendências do pensamento esotérico que passaram a ser conhecidas como ocultismo. Grupos proeminentes neste século incluíram a Sociedade Teosófica e a Ordem Hermética da Aurora Dourada. O paganismo moderno se desenvolveu dentro do ocultismo e inclui movimentos religiosos como a Wicca. As ideias esotéricas permearam a contracultura da década de 1960 e tendências culturais posteriores, das quais emergiu o fenômeno da Nova Era na década de 1970. Embora a ideia de que esses movimentos variados pudessem ser categorizados juntos sob a rubrica de "esoterismo ocidental" desenvolvida no final do século XVIII, essas correntes esotéricas foram amplamente ignoradas como um assunto de investigação acadêmica. O estudo acadêmico do esoterismo ocidental só surgiu no final do século XX, iniciado por estudiosos como Frances Yates e . Nesse ínterim, as ideias esotéricas também exerceram influência na cultura popular, aparecendo na arte, na literatura, no cinema e na música. Westerse esoterie is een vakgebied binnen de geesteswetenschappen dat onderzoek verricht naar uiteenlopende stromingen uit de westerse cultuurgeschiedenis die gemeen hebben dat ze door de heersende religieuze en academische instellingen werden verworpen als bronnen van legitieme kennis; door religie als ketters, door de wetenschap als irrationeel. Het vakgebied ontstond eind 20e eeuw. Daartoe behoren onder meer gnostiek, hermetica, alchemie, astrologie, magie, theosofie, mystiek en het moderne occultisme. Aan deze esoterische stromingen werd vroeger gerefereerd als occultisme, maar die benaming is in het wetenschappelijk discours niet langer gebruikelijk. De benaming westerse esoterie suggereert dat er naast een westelijke esoterie ook een oostelijke esoterie zou zijn, maar dat is niet zo. Dezelfde term wordt ook wel in engere zin gebruikt en slaat dan op een diffuse verzameling geschriften over het paranormale, occulte wetenschappen, exotische wijsheidstradities en dergelijke. Als wortels van westerse esoterie kunnen ruwweg vier filosofisch-religieuze tradities worden onderscheiden neoplatonisme, gnosticisme, hermetisme en kabbala, en de traditionele wetenschappen astrologie, magie en alchemie. Vooral neoplatonisme en hermetisme vormden de inspiratie voor latere stromingen zoals rozenkruisers, christelijke theosofie, het 19e-eeuwse occultisme, spiritisme, de 20e-eeuwse new agebeweging en andere vormen van moderne alternatieve spiritualiteit. Esoterische ideeën zijn doorgedrongen in westerse filosofie, religie, pseudowetenschap, kunst en populaire cultuur. De eerste pogingen om te komen tot een wetenschappelijke constructie die de verworpen stromingen uit het westers gedachtegoed bundelt werden eind 17e eeuw ondernomen. Sinds eind 20e eeuw zijn de invloed van westerse esoterie en de ideeëngeschiedenis ervan onderwerp van academische studie geworden. Het interdisciplinair onderzoek concentreert zich op de geschiedenis van de westerse esoterie vanaf de renaissance tot heden, met ook aandacht voor de wortels ervan in de laatantieke cultuur. Ως εσωτερισμός εν γένει εννοείται η ύπαρξη εσωτερικών πεποιθήσεων ή πίστεων, δηλαδή ιδεών που γίνονται κατανοητές από μικρές συνήθως ομάδες ανθρώπων ή μυημένους ή είναι αποτέλεσμα εγγενούς ενδιαφέροντος. Ο όρος πηγάζει από τη λέξη ἐσωτερικός, σύνθετη του ἔσω, που υποδηλώνει την εσωτερικότητα ή μυστικισμό του συστήματος. Ο όρος είναι επίσης πιθανό να αναφέρεται στην ακαδημαϊκή μελέτη των εσωτερικών θρησκευτικών συστημάτων και φιλοσοφιών ή στη μελέτη των θρησκευτικών συστημάτων και των φιλοσοφιών, των οποίων οι υποστηρικτές διακρίνουν τις πεποιθήσεις τους, τις πρακτικές και τις εμπειρίες τους από τις εξωτερικές και περισσότερο δογματικές παραδόσεις. Ως παραδείγματα εσωτερικών θρησκευτικών κινημάτων και φιλοσοφιών αναφέρονται: Η Αλχημεία, η Αστρολογία, η , ο πρώιμος Χριστιανικός μυστικισμός, ο Ελευθεροτεκτονισμός, ο Γνωστικισμός, η Καββάλα, ο Νεοπλατωνισμός, o Ερμητισμός, η Μαγεία, ο , ο , ο , ο Ταοϊσμός, η Αριθμολογία, ο , η Σαϊεντολογία, ο Πνευματισμός, οι Αλεβίτες, η του Γιάκομπ Μπέμε, το θεοσοφικό κίνημα που σχετίζεται με την Ελένα Μπλαβάτσκυ και η Γνωστική Κίνηση του Σαμαέλ Αούν Βεόρ. Αν και ο εσωτερισμός αναφέρεται ως εξερεύνηση των κρυμμένων νοημάτων και του συμβολισμού διαφόρων φιλοσοφικών, ιστορικών και θρησκευτικών κειμένων, τα ίδια κείμενα απαντώνται στις δεσπόζουσες θρησκείες. Για παράδειγμα, η Βίβλος και το Τορά θεωρούνται και αναφέρονται από τις σχετικές ομάδες ως εσωτερικά κείμενα. Nell'esoterismo occidentale rientrano le idee e le tradizioni sviluppatesi in maniera specifica nel contesto della civiltà occidentale, appartenenti all'accezione generica di esoterismo (in greco antico: ἐσώτερος, esòteros, "interno") termine usato per indicare una dottrina o un insieme di dottrine caratterizzate dalla segretezza e il cui insegnamento era riservato a pochi a differenza di quello "essoterico" (in greco antico: ἐξωτερος, exoteròs) a cui tutti potevano accedere. Esoterismo occidental​ es un término bajo el cual los estudiosos han categorizado una amplia gama de ideas y movimientos vagamente relacionados desarrollados dentro de la sociedad occidental; la cual toma elementos del esoterismo tradicional de otras culturas, muchas veces targiversándolas o realizando cambios en el significado de los conceptos originales. Estas ideas y corrientes están unidas también por el hecho de que son en gran medida distintas tanto de la religión judeocristiana como del racionalismo de la Ilustración del occidente. El esoterismo presentes en estas corrientes ha invadido varias formas de filosofía, religión, arte, literatura y música occidentales, y sigue afectando a las ideas intelectuales y la cultura popular. La idea de agrupar una amplia gama de tradiciones y filosofías occidentales bajo la categoría que hoy se denomina esoterismo se desarrolló en Europa a finales del siglo XVII. Desde entonces, varios académicos han debatido desde entonces cómo definir el esoterismo occidental: un modelo académico habla de una tradición oculta en el ámbito de la filosofía perenne. Otra perspectiva ve al esoterismo como una categoría que engloba a movimientos que adoptan una visión del mundo "encantada" frente al creciente desencanto. Una tercera opción ve al esoterismo occidental como una categoría que abarca todo el "conocimiento rechazado" de la cultura occidental que no es aceptado por el establishment científico ni por las autoridades religiosas mayoritarias. الباطنية الغربية (بالإنجليزية: Esotericism)‏ أو التقليد الباطني الغربي (أيضًا التقاليد الغربية المحكمة والصوفية الغربية والتقليد الغربي الداخلي والتقاليد الغامضة الغربية) هي مصطلح صنف العلماء ضمنه مجموعة واسعة من الأفكار والحركات المرتبطة بشكل فضفاض مع بعضها والتي تطورت ضمن المجتمع الغربي. تطورت فكرة جمع طيف واسع من التقاليد والفلسفات الغربية مع بعضها، ضمن مجموعة تُعرف الآن بالباطنية، في أوروبا خلال نهايات القرن السابع عشر. تناقش عدة أكاديميين حول كيفية تعريف الباطنية الغربية مع عدة اقتراحات مختلفة. تبنى إحدى النماذج العلمية تعريفه للباطنية من عدة مدارس فكرية للتعاليم الباطنية ذاتها، إذ عامل الباطنية بصفتها تقليدًا خالدًا مخفي وداخلي. ترى وجهة نظر ثانية الباطنية بصفتها فئةً تشمل حركات تعتنق رؤية سحرية عالمية في مواجهة رؤية التحرر من السحر المتزايدة. وهناك رؤية ثالثة ترى الباطنية الغربية بصفتها فئةً تشمل كل المعرفة المرفوضة للثقافة الغربية التي لا تقبلها المؤسسة العلمية أو السلطات الدينية الأرثوذكسية. ظهر التقليد المبكر الذي صنفته التحليلات اللاحقة بصفته شكلًا من الباطنية الغربية في شرق المتوسط خلال فترة العصور القديمة المتأخرة حيث تطورت الهرمسية والغنوصية والأفلاطونية المحدثة بصفتها مدارس فكرية متميزة عمّا أصبح لاحقًا التيار المسيحي. شهد عصر النهضة الأوروبي اهتمامًا متزايدًا بتلك الأفكار القديمة إذ جمع مثقفون عدة الفلسفات الوثنية مع القبالا والفلسفة المسيحية ما أنتج ظهور حركات باطنية مثل المسيحية الثيوصوفية. شهد القرن السابع عشر تطور المجتمعات الأولية التي اعتنق ساكنوها المعرفة الباطنية مثل الصليب الوردي والماسونية، بينما أدى عصر التنوير في القرن الثامن عشر إلى تطوير أشكال جديدة من الفكر الباطني. شهد القرن التاسع عشر ظهور اتجاهات جديدة في الفكر الباطني التي أصبحت معروفة بالتنجيم. من بين الجماعات البارزة في هذا القرن الجمعية الثيوصوفية وجماعة الفجر الذهبي الهرمسية. تطورت الوثنية الجديدة ضمن التنجيم وتضمنت حركات دينية مثل الويكا. انتشرت الأفكار الباطنية في ثقافة الستينيات المضادة ولاحقًا في النزعات الثقافية التي ظهر عنها ظاهرة العصر الجديد في سبعينيات القرن الماضي. رغم أن الفكرة التي يمكن تصنيف تلك الحركات المتنوعة تحت باب التعاليم الباطنية الغربية تطورت في نهايات القرن الثامن عشر، تم تجاهل تلك التيارات الباطنية بصورة كبيرة كموضوع للتحقيق الأكاديمي. لم تظهر الدراسة الأكاديمية للباطنية الغربية إلا في أواخر القرن العشرين والتي طورها للمرة الأولى علماء مثل فرانسيس ييتس وأنطوان فايفر. ساهمت الأفكار الباطنية، من ناحية أخرى، في التأثير على الثقافة الشعبية التي ظهرت في الفن والأدب والسينما والموسيقى. 西方秘契主義或寫作密契主義(英語:Western esotericism),在英文語境中有時會直接被稱為esotericism(秘契主義)或者esoterism(秘傳的教義)兩種稱呼以及字彙的拼寫方式,此外有時西方社會的人們本身也會採用更通俗化的口吻而稱為Western mystery tradition(西方神秘傳統),這是學者對西方社會內部所發展起來各種各樣的相關鬆散神祕主義思想與運動而對其分類所產生的專業術語。這些思想與潮流是統一的,因為他們很大程度不同於正統猶太教或基督宗教以及啟蒙理性主義。目前秘契主義已滲透到各種形式的西方哲學、、偽科學、藝術、,以及音樂中──並繼續影響著知識分子的思想以及流行文化。可以這麼認定:秘契主義雖然是脫胎於宗教的,不過他們的專業領域是獨立於宗教之外的,但其內涵又不與宗教相互牴觸,本質上是屬於西方神祕學的一個組成部分;而西方神祕學另一個部份則是屬於秘術主義。秘契主義是著重在個人靈修方面的發展。 西方秘契主義一共有三個源流:一、古希臘羅馬宗教;二、希伯來宗教;三、古埃及宗教。 Esoterisme Barat atau tradisi misteri Barat, adalah sebuah istilah yang dikategorisasikan oleh para cendekiawan terhahadap sejumlah besar gagasan dan gerakan terkait yang berkembang dalam masyarakat Barat. Gagasan dan gelombang tersebut disatukan oleh fakta bahwa mereka banyak berbeda dari agama ortodoks dan dari rasionalisme Abad Pencerahan.
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