| dbo:abstract
|
- Qianzhuang (Chinese: 錢莊; Wade–Giles: ch'ien-chuang) were local independent Chinese banks in the early modern period, as distinguished from the nation-wide bank networks headquartered in Shanxi province called the "Shanxi banks" (票號, piaohao). Also known by a variety of regional names, such as qiansi (錢肆), qianpu (錢鋪), yinhao (銀號), duihuan qianzhuang (兌換錢莊), qiandian (錢店), qianzhuo (錢桌), duidian (兌店), qianju (錢局), yinju (銀局), or yinpu (銀鋪) in Mandarin Chinese, and translated as money shops, native banks, private Chinese banks, or old-style banks in English, qianzhuang banks first sprung up during the Ming dynasty but greatly expanded during the Qing dynasty. Unlike the Shanxi banks, the qianzhuang tended to have much more risky business practices. These institutions first appeared in the Yangzi Delta region, in Shanghai, Ningbo, and Shaoxing. The first qianzhuang can be traced to at least the mid-eighteenth century. In 1776, several of these banks in Shanghai organised themselves into the banking guild known as the Qianye Gongsuo. In contrast to piaohao, most qianzhuang were local and functioned as commercial banks by conducting local money exchange, issuing cash notes, exchanging bills and notes, and discounting for the local business community. Qianzhuang maintained close relationships with Chinese merchants, and grew with the expansion of China's foreign trade. When Western banks first entered China, they issued "chop loans" (彩票, caipiao) to the qianzhuang, who would then lend this money to Chinese merchants who used it to purchase goods from foreign firms. During the latter half of the 19th century the qianzhuang worked as intermediaries between Chinese merchants and foreign banks. Unlike the Shanxi banks the qianzhuang survived the fall of the Qing dynasty because of their close relationships with foreign banks. The qianzhuang have always been a true financial service provider for Chinese agribusiness and commercial households. The control of deposit and loan risk in the qianzhuang business model is a concentrated expression of the localisation advantages of qianzhuang. It is estimated that there were around 10,000 qianzhuang in China in the early 1890s. There were several financial crashes which occurred in China during which a large number of qianzhuang closed, the largest of these occurred in the years 1883, 1910, and 1911. By and by the traditional qianzhuang banks were being replaced by modern credit banks in China, particularly those residing in Shanghai. This would continue to happen well into the Republican period. The last qianzhuang banks were nationalised in 1952 by the government of the People's Republic of China. During the 1990s qianzhuang made a come back in Mainland China, these new qianzhuang are informal financial companies which are often operating just within the edges of what is legal. The government attitude towards these new qianzhuang isn't that much different from their attitude in the 1950s. (en)
- 銭荘（せんそう・銭庄）とは、中国における旧式の金融機関。銭舗（せんぽ）などの異名がある。 (ja)
- 錢莊，中國北方稱為銀號、南方稱為錢局，為中國古代一種私人銀行。錢莊主要分布於长江流域、華北及華南地區。 錢莊最先分別出現在長江三角洲地區、寧波和山西。其業務始於貨幣兌換，及與貨幣兌換相關的存款業務。早期錢莊的主要服務似乎主要與兌換貨幣有關，因此市場需求促使了錢莊的誕生。後來錢莊進而從事較高風險的業務，包括信用貸款、抵押貸款、長途匯款等。在19世紀中葉，錢莊開始向陷入困境的地方政府提供更多的短期貸款，向國家基金投入更多資金，並開始發行股票。1890年（清光緒16年）時，全中國一共有接近一萬所錢莊。1952年時，最後一所錢莊被國有化，自宋代以來的錢莊結構在中國大陸基本消失。 錢莊系統是中國帝制時代金融業最具代表性的業務發展形式之一。它在中國金融史乃至中國經濟史上，以及從傳統的中國經濟模式向19世紀後期採用的更為現代化的模式的轉變中，都起著不可或缺的作用。 (zh)
|
| rdfs:comment
|
- 銭荘（せんそう・銭庄）とは、中国における旧式の金融機関。銭舗（せんぽ）などの異名がある。 (ja)
- 錢莊，中國北方稱為銀號、南方稱為錢局，為中國古代一種私人銀行。錢莊主要分布於长江流域、華北及華南地區。 錢莊最先分別出現在長江三角洲地區、寧波和山西。其業務始於貨幣兌換，及與貨幣兌換相關的存款業務。早期錢莊的主要服務似乎主要與兌換貨幣有關，因此市場需求促使了錢莊的誕生。後來錢莊進而從事較高風險的業務，包括信用貸款、抵押貸款、長途匯款等。在19世紀中葉，錢莊開始向陷入困境的地方政府提供更多的短期貸款，向國家基金投入更多資金，並開始發行股票。1890年（清光緒16年）時，全中國一共有接近一萬所錢莊。1952年時，最後一所錢莊被國有化，自宋代以來的錢莊結構在中國大陸基本消失。 錢莊系統是中國帝制時代金融業最具代表性的業務發展形式之一。它在中國金融史乃至中國經濟史上，以及從傳統的中國經濟模式向19世紀後期採用的更為現代化的模式的轉變中，都起著不可或缺的作用。 (zh)
- Qianzhuang (Chinese: 錢莊; Wade–Giles: ch'ien-chuang) were local independent Chinese banks in the early modern period, as distinguished from the nation-wide bank networks headquartered in Shanxi province called the "Shanxi banks" (票號, piaohao). Also known by a variety of regional names, such as qiansi (錢肆), qianpu (錢鋪), yinhao (銀號), duihuan qianzhuang (兌換錢莊), qiandian (錢店), qianzhuo (錢桌), duidian (兌店), qianju (錢局), yinju (銀局), or yinpu (銀鋪) in Mandarin Chinese, and translated as money shops, native banks, private Chinese banks, or old-style banks in English, qianzhuang banks first sprung up during the Ming dynasty but greatly expanded during the Qing dynasty. Unlike the Shanxi banks, the qianzhuang tended to have much more risky business practices. (en)
|
_-_Lake_Tai_ancestral_temple_(太湖祠收票)_issue_(嘉庆十年_-_1805年)_Zhuokearts.jpg){kind=link}
_Coinku_01.jpg){kind=link}
_Bonistika.net_01.png){kind=link}
_Bonistika.net_02.png){kind=link}
_-_British_Hong_Kong_04.jpg){kind=link}
_Coinku_01.jpg){kind=link}
_Bonistika.net_01.png){kind=link}
_Bonistika.net_02.png){kind=link}
_-_British_Hong_Kong_04.jpg){kind=link}
_-_Lake_Tai_ancestral_temple_(太湖祠收票)_issue_(嘉庆十年_-_1805年)_Zhuokearts.jpg){kind=link}