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| - The Posterior Analytics is a text from Aristotle's Organon containing a classic treatment and discussion of demonstration, definition, and scientific knowledge. The demonstration is distinguished as a syllogism productive of scientific knowledge, while the definition marked as the statement of a thing's nature, ... a statement of the meaning of the name, or of an equivalent nominal formula.
In the Prior Analytics, syllogistic logic is considered in its formal aspect; in the Posterior it is considered in respect of its matter. The "form" of a syllogism lies in the necessary connection between the premises and the conclusion. Even where there is no fault in the form, there may be in the matter, i.e. the propositions of which it is composed, which may be true or false, probable or improbable.
When the premises are certain, true, and primary, the conclusion formally follows from them, this is demonstration, and produces scientific knowledge of a thing. Such syllogisms are called apodeictical, and are dealt with in the two books of the Posterior Analytics. When they are not certain, such a syllogism is called dialectical, and these are dealt with in the eight books of the Topics. A syllogism which seems to be perfect both in matter and form, but which is not, is called sophistical, and these are dealt with in the book On Sophistical Refutations.
The contents of the Posterior Analytics may be summarised as follows:
* All demonstration must be founded on principles already known. The principles on which it is founded must either themselves be demonstrable, or be so-called first principles, which cannot be demonstrated, nor need to be, being evident in themselves (or "nota per se" in scholastic jargon).
* We cannot demonstrate things in a circular way, supporting the conclusion by the premises, and the premises by the conclusion. Nor can there be an infinite number of middle terms between the first principle and the conclusion.
* In all demonstration, the first principles, the conclusion, and all the intermediate propositions, must be necessary, general and eternal truths. Of things that happen by chance, or contingently, or which can change, or of individual things, there is no demonstration.
* Some demonstrations prove only that the things are a certain way, rather than why they are so. The latter are the most perfect.
* The first figure of the syllogism (see term logic for an outline of syllogistic theory) is best adapted to demonstration, because it affords conclusions universally affirmative. This figure is commonly used by mathematicians.
* The demonstration of an affirmative proposition is preferable to that of a negative; the demonstration of a universal to that of a particular; and direct demonstration to a reductio ad absurdum.
* The principles are more certain than the conclusion.
* There cannot be both opinion and knowledge of the same thing at the same time." (en)
- Die Analytica posteriora (altgriechisch: ἀναλύειν „auflösen“, latein posterius „das Hintere“, griechisch: Analytika hystera) ist die zweite Analytik des Aristoteles, die vierte Schrift des sog. Organon und der zweite Teil der Analytiken. In den Analytica Posteriora führt er seine Wissenschaftstheorie aus und entwickelt etwa eine Theorie der Definition.
Siehe auch: Analytica Priora, Syllogismus" (de)
- Analytica posteriora is de vierde tekst uit het Organon van Aristoteles. Het is een hele formele bespreking over onderwijzen en intellectueel leren, opgehangen aan de begrippen demonstratie, definitie en wetenschappelijke kennis. Dit werk bestaat uit twee boeken.
In het eerste boek wordt demonstratie gepresenteerd als wetenschappelijke deductie (71b16-17). In dit boek wordt nagegaan hoe door middel van demonstratie kennis kan worden overgedragen. Hierbij maakt Aristoteles onderscheid in empirische en mathematische wetenschap (79a4-9). Veelbelovend hierbij is zijn gezegde, dat de empirische wetenschapper gaat om de feiten te weten en de mathematicus om de reden waarom!? In het tweede boek gaat Aritoteles op zoek naar vier dingen: het feit, de reden waarom, of het is, wat het is (89b24)." (nl)
- Analíticos posteriores (em grego Αναλυτικων υστερων, em latim Analytica posteriora), é um texto do filósofo grego Aristóteles de Estagira. É composto por dois livros (I: 71a - 89b, II: 90a - 100b) e não existem dúvidas acerca da autenticidade da obra. É o quarto livro do Órganon, sucedendo Analíticos anteriores e antecedendo os Tópicos. Algumas edições traduzem Αναλυτικων υστερων por Segundos analíticos.
Em Analíticos posteriores, Aristóteles ocupa-se com com as necessidades específicas da demonstração.
Segundo o filósofo:
"Toda a didascália e toda a disciplina dianoética se adquirem de um saber que precede o conhecimento. Isto é evidente seja qual for o saber considerado: a ciência matemática adquire-se deste modo, tal como as outras artes. O mesmo acontece com os raciocínios dialéticos, sejam eles feitos por silogismo ou por indução, porque todos eles ensinam através de um conhecimento anterior: no primeiro caso, assumindo que a premissas são admitidas pelo outro, no segundo caso, demonstrando o universal mediante o particular já conhecido. Por outro lado, é de análogo modo que os argumentos retóricos persuadem, uma vez utilizarem, ou paradigmas, o que é uma espécie de indução, ou entimemas, o que não deixa de constituir um silogismo" (An. Post., 71a).
O livro I, trata especificamente das condições formais da demonstração;
O livro II, trata da teoria da definição e da causa." (pt)
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| rdfs:comment
| - The Posterior Analytics is a text from Aristotle's Organon containing a classic treatment and discussion of demonstration, definition, and scientific knowledge. The demonstration is distinguished as a syllogism productive of scientific knowledge, while the definition marked as the statement of a thing's nature, ... a statement of the meaning of the name, or of an equivalent nominal formula. (en)
- Die Analytica posteriora (altgriechisch: ἀναλύειν „auflösen“, latein posterius „das Hintere“, griechisch: Analytika hystera) ist die zweite Analytik des Aristoteles, die vierte Schrift des sog. Organon und der zweite Teil der Analytiken. In den Analytica Posteriora führt er seine Wissenschaftstheorie aus und entwickelt etwa eine Theorie der Definition." (de)
- Analytica posteriora is de vierde tekst uit het Organon van Aristoteles. Het is een hele formele bespreking over onderwijzen en intellectueel leren, opgehangen aan de begrippen demonstratie, definitie en wetenschappelijke kennis. Dit werk bestaat uit twee boeken. (nl)
- Analíticos posteriores (em grego Αναλυτικων υστερων, em latim Analytica posteriora), é um texto do filósofo grego Aristóteles de Estagira. É composto por dois livros (I: 71a - 89b, II: 90a - 100b) e não existem dúvidas acerca da autenticidade da obra. É o quarto livro do Órganon, sucedendo Analíticos anteriores e antecedendo os Tópicos. Algumas edições traduzem Αναλυτικων υστερων por Segundos analíticos." (pt)
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