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- Les controverses sur la représentation des natifs américains dans le sport, correspond à l'utilisation de termes, images, symboles ou toute représentation faisant référence aux peuples autochtones, aux Premières Nations ou leurs cultures, de manière péjorative, et ce, dans le sport professionnel, universitaire ou amateur aux États-Unis et au Canada. Dans les années 1960, avec les premiers mouvements de défense des droits civiques aux États-Unis, des natifs américains dénoncent l'utilisation de leur culture et leur représentation dans les médias, en particulier à travers les sports populaires qui véhiculent des stéréotypes et préjugés. Ainsi, l’utilisation des noms de tribus, ou bien de personnages historiques de la culture amérindienne, est perçue comme une forme d'appropriation culturelle. Les défenseurs de cet usage, soulignent souvent leur intention d'honorer les Amérindiens et leur culture en se référant à des valeurs comme la force et le courage. Ils dénoncent le caractère « politiquement correct » de cette polémique. Le président américain Donald Trump lui-même, déclare sur son compte Twitter le 6 juillet 2020 : « Ils donnent le nom aux équipes pour leur force, non pour leur faiblesse, mais maintenant les Redskins de Washington et les Indians de Cleveland, deux franchises légendaires du sport (...) vont changer leur nom afin d'être politiquement correct » . Leurs opposants y voient les traits du stéréotype de l'Amérindien sauvage des westerns et insistent sur le fait que les stéréotypes, qu'ils soient positifs ou négatifs, sont nocifs car ils favorisent des associations fausses ou trompeuses entre un groupe et un trait. (fr)
- Since the 1960s, the issue of Native American and First Nations names and images being used by sports teams as mascots has been the subject of increasing public controversy in the United States and Canada. This has been a period of rising Indigenous civil rights movements, and Native Americans and their supporters object to the use of images and names in a manner and context they consider derogatory. They have conducted numerous protests and tried to educate the public on this issue. In response since the 1970s, an increasing number of secondary schools have retired such Native American names and mascots. Changes accelerated in 2020, following public actions related to issues of institutional racism and nationally covered cases of police misconduct. National attention has been focused on the prominent use of names and images by professional franchises including the Washington Commanders (Redskins until July 2020) and the Cleveland Guardians (Indians until November 2021). In Canada, the Edmonton Eskimos became the Edmonton Elks in 2021. Each such change at the professional level has been followed by changes of school teams; for instance, 29 changed their names between August and December 2020. A National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) database tracks some 1,900 K-12 schools in 970 school districts with Native “themed” school mascots. The issue has often been reported in the media only in terms of Native American individuals being affected by the offensiveness of certain terms, images, and performances. This reduces the problem to one of feelings and personal opinions. It prevents a more comprehensive understanding of the history and context of the use of Native American names and images, and the reasons why sports teams should eliminate such practices. Social science research has shown that sports mascots and images are important symbols with deeper psychological and social effects in society. A 2020 analysis of this research indicates only negative effects; those psychologically detrimental to Native American students and to non-Native persons by promoting negative stereotypes and prejudicial ideas of Native Americans and undermining inter-group relations. Based on such research showing negative effects, more than 115 professional organizations representing civil rights, educational, athletic, and scientific experts, have adopted resolutions stating that such use of Native American names and symbols by non-native sports teams is a form of ethnic stereotyping; it promotes misunderstanding and prejudice that contributes to other problems faced by Native Americans. Defenders of mascots often state their intention to honor Native Americans by referring to positive traits, such as fighting spirit and being strong, brave, stoic, dedicated, and proud; while opponents see these traits as being based upon stereotypes of Native Americans as savages. In general, the social sciences recognize that all ethnic stereotypes, whether positive or negative, are harmful because they promote false or misleading associations between a group and an attribute, fostering a disrespectful relationship. The injustice of such stereotypes is recognized with regard to other racial or ethnic groups, thus mascots are morally questionable regardless of offense being taken by individuals. Defenders of the status quo also state that the issue is not important, being only about sports, and that the opposition is nothing more than "political correctness", which change advocates argue ignores the extensive evidence of harmful effects of stereotypes and bias. The NCAI and over 1,500 national Native organizations and advocates have called for a ban on all Native imagery, names, and other appropriation of Native culture in sports. The joint letter included over 100 Native-led organizations, as well as tribal leaders and members of over 150 federally recognized tribes, reflecting their consensus that Native mascots are harmful. Use of such imagery and terms has declined, but at all levels of American and Canadian sports it remains fairly common. Former Representative Deb Haaland (D-New Mexico), approved in March 2021 as the first Indigenous Secretary of the Interior, has long advocated for teams to change such mascots. (en)
- 「インディアン・マスコット」は、アメリカ合衆国のプロ・アマのスポーツ団体が使用する、インディアン民族を意匠化したチーム名や、応援マスコットの総称。 (ja)
- 美洲原住民吉祥物在美國運動競賽中的使用，許多年來一直是充滿爭議的話題。美國人「扮演印地安人」(playing Indian)的歷史很悠久，可以一直追溯到1800年代；許多人欣賞典型美洲原住民圖案所代表的英雄主義和浪漫主義，卻也有許多人認為大學吉祥物的使用不僅令人反感，也有貶低印地安人之意。 儘管引起不少關注，但許多美洲原住民吉祥物至今仍使用於美國運動競賽中，從小學校隊到職業運動皆有。 (zh)
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- 「インディアン・マスコット」は、アメリカ合衆国のプロ・アマのスポーツ団体が使用する、インディアン民族を意匠化したチーム名や、応援マスコットの総称。 (ja)
- 美洲原住民吉祥物在美國運動競賽中的使用，許多年來一直是充滿爭議的話題。美國人「扮演印地安人」(playing Indian)的歷史很悠久，可以一直追溯到1800年代；許多人欣賞典型美洲原住民圖案所代表的英雄主義和浪漫主義，卻也有許多人認為大學吉祥物的使用不僅令人反感，也有貶低印地安人之意。 儘管引起不少關注，但許多美洲原住民吉祥物至今仍使用於美國運動競賽中，從小學校隊到職業運動皆有。 (zh)
- Since the 1960s, the issue of Native American and First Nations names and images being used by sports teams as mascots has been the subject of increasing public controversy in the United States and Canada. This has been a period of rising Indigenous civil rights movements, and Native Americans and their supporters object to the use of images and names in a manner and context they consider derogatory. They have conducted numerous protests and tried to educate the public on this issue. (en)
- Les controverses sur la représentation des natifs américains dans le sport, correspond à l'utilisation de termes, images, symboles ou toute représentation faisant référence aux peuples autochtones, aux Premières Nations ou leurs cultures, de manière péjorative, et ce, dans le sport professionnel, universitaire ou amateur aux États-Unis et au Canada. Dans les années 1960, avec les premiers mouvements de défense des droits civiques aux États-Unis, des natifs américains dénoncent l'utilisation de leur culture et leur représentation dans les médias, en particulier à travers les sports populaires qui véhiculent des stéréotypes et préjugés. Ainsi, l’utilisation des noms de tribus, ou bien de personnages historiques de la culture amérindienne, est perçue comme une forme d'appropriation culturelle (fr)
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