dbo:abstract
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- The Ganden Phodrang or Ganden Podrang (Tibetan: དགའ་ལྡན་ཕོ་བྲང, Wylie: dGa' ldan pho brang, Lhasa dialect: [ˈkɑ̃̀tɛ̃̀ ˈpʰóʈɑ̀ŋ]; Chinese: 甘丹頗章; pinyin: Gāndān Pōzhāng) was the Tibetan system of government established by the 5th Dalai Lama in 1642; it operated in Tibet until the 1950s. Lhasa became the capital of Tibet again early in this period, after the Oirat lord Güshi Khan conferred all temporal power on the 5th Dalai Lama in a ceremony in Shigatse in 1642. The Ganden Phodrang accepted China's Qing emperors as overlords after 1720,and the Qing became increasingly active in governing Tibet starting in the early 18th century. After the fall of the Qing empire in 1912, the Ganden Phodrang government lasted until the 1950s, when the People's Republic of China (PRC) incorporated Tibet. During most of the time from the early Qing period until the end of Ganden Phodrang rule, a governing council known as the Kashag operated as the highest authority in the Ganden Phodrang administration. The Ganden Phodrang was established by the 5th Dalai Lama and Tibet's patron Güshi Khan of the Khoshut, in 1642. At that time, the Potala Palace was built (1645- ) in Lhasa on the site of the Red Fort, to where the capital of Tibet had been moved from Yarlung Valley by the 7th-century King Songsten Gampo. Güshi Khan offered all political power to the 5th Dalai Lama in Shigatse, within a priest-and-patron relationship context between the Dalai Lama and the Gelug school, and Güshi Khan. A drawn-out war (1687-1757) between the Dzungar Khans and Qing China led to turmoil for Lhasa, since the Ganden Phodrang was the diplomatic center for the Mongols and the Qing. In 1705, the Qing conspired with a Dzungar faction to kidnap the 6th Dalai Lama, after the murder of his regent and government official. Due to these actions, Tibet's relationship with the Mongols declined in popularity. The Dzungars then invaded Central Tibet in 1717, after which the Ganden Phodrang's army and the Qing army joined forces and expelled the Dzungars in 1720. While these Qing forces departed in 1723, the earlier 1653 priest-and-patron relationship established between Tibet and China then added military protection to the patron's role. Soon after 1727 the skilful and politically astute Tibetan leader Pholhane reorganized the Ganden Phodrang's army, which lasted until the army was disbanded in 1950. Pholhane's son Gyurme Namgyal moved to end the army's joint missions with Qing China by expelling the last of their troops, whose numbers varied over the decades. He was murdered by two Qing China ambassadors (ambans) in 1750, both of whom were killed by Pholhane's army during the subsequent revolt in Lhasa. The Ganden Phodrang's joint military operations with the Qing dynasty lasted from 1720 until 1846, and included working together in the second of three wars between Nepal and Tibet (1788-1792). Just before and after their separation, the Ganden Phodrang's army defeated the Sikh Dogra forces, leading to an 1842 treaty establishing the Tibet-Dogra borders; defeated the chieftain Gonpo Namgyal of Kham in 1865, which led to the reclaiming of eastern Kham under the authority of the . The third Nepalese war (1855-1856) was also victorious for both sides, since the treaty included provisions for mutual aid against aggressors.This provision was invoked in 1950, after the People's Republic of China invaded Tibet. (en)
- Le Ganden Phodrang (tibétain : དགའ་ལྡན་ཕོ་བྲང, Wylie : dGa' ldan pho brang, THL : ganden podrang ; chinois : 甘丹頗章 ; pinyin : gāndān pōzhāng), également appelée période du Ganden Phodrang, gouvernement du Ganden Phodrang ou régime du Ganden Phodrang (tibétain : བོད་གཞུང་དགའ་ལྡན་ཕོ་དྲང, Wylie : bod gzhung dga' ldan pho drang, THL : Pö Shung Ganden Phodrang), est le type de gouvernement mis en place en 1642 par Lobsang Gyatso, le 5e dalaï-lama, devenu chef spirituel de tout le Tibet grâce au khan mongol qoshot, Güshi Khan qui reçoit en échange la reconnaissance en tant que roi du Tibet. C'est la fin de la Période Phagmodrupa, contrôlée par les tibétains ; les religieux des écoles traditionnelles tibétaines kagyupa et du chamanisme bön, opposés à l'école guéloug, sont chassés du pouvoir par les Mongols. Cette période se perpétua sous différentes formes de gouvernance, jusqu'en 1959 sous Tenzin Gyatso, le 14e dalaï-lama. Il est qualifié de « théocratique » par Samten G. Karmay et par Stéphane Guillaume, tandis que les tibétologues Ishihama Yumiko et Alex McKay parlent de « gouvernement bouddhiste, union des fonctions spirituelle et temporelle ». Après sa fuite en exil en Inde, le 14e dalaï-lama proclama le 29 avril 1959 la création du gouvernement tibétain en exil. Le 17 mai 2002, il célébra le 360e anniversaire de son système gouvernemental connu sous le nom de Gaden Phodrang Chokley Namgyal. Ce gouvernement n'a été reconnu par aucun État ni gouvernement. Le 14e dalaï-lama démocratisa progressivement le gouvernement tibétain en exil jusqu'à sa retraite politique en mars 2011, laissant place au premier ministre tibétain Lobsang Sangay et se concentrant sur sa fonction spirituelle, conservant cependant une influence politique selon la journaliste du Monde Audrey Garric. (fr)
- 간덴 포드랑(티베트어: དགའ་ལྡན་ཕོ་བྲང [kɑ̃̀tɛ̃̀ pʰóʈɑ̀ŋ], 중국어: 甘丹颇章)은 1642년 코슈트 칸국에서 귀시 칸의 양해 하에 가 설치한 일종의 정부였다. 귀시 칸은 티베트 서남부의 르카쩌시에 머물렀는데, 이 때부터 달라이 라마 5세에게 티베트 국내 내정이 이임되면서 동남부의 라싸가 티베트의 수도 기능을 하기 시작했다. 1720년 청나라가 티베트에 쳐들어와 코슈트 칸국이 망하고 티베트는 1912년까지 청나라의 번부가 되어 청조 중앙에서 서럼셔머 터허 암반(주찰대신)의 일종인 (흠차주장판사대신)이 파견되었다. 하지만 그와 별개로 간덴 포드랑은 청나라 시기에도 티베트 지역의 자치정부로서 존속했고, 청나라 멸망 이후 군벌 시대에는 독립을 추진(티베트 왕국)하기도 했다. 중화인민공화국이 티베트를 합병한 뒤 1959년 완전히 철폐되었다. (ko)
- De regering van historisch Tibet heeft betrekking op de regering waarvan de dalai lama aan het hoofd stond. Formeel was dat zo geregeld sinds het eind van de periode van de zevende dalai lama (1708-1757). In de praktijk hebben in de 19e eeuw vooral regenten in Tibet geregeerd door het - steeds onder mysterieuze omstandigheden - op zeer jeugdige leeftijd overlijden van de negende tot en met twaalfde dalai lama. In 1959 vluchtte de dalai lama tijdens de opstand van 1959 naar India en werd de Tibetaanse regering in ballingschap voortgezet. (nl)
- 甘丹颇章(藏文:དགའ་ལྡན་ཕོ་བྲང,威利转写:dga' ldan pho brang),又译噶登頗章、噶丹颇章,是藏传佛教格鲁派领袖达赖喇嘛在哲蚌寺的寝宫。 重建布达拉宫以前,五世达赖喇嘛住在甘丹颇章,从那里开始执掌了西藏的政教大权,甘丹颇章成为西藏政府的同义语,史学界故称达赖喇嘛主持西藏的政权为“甘丹颇章政权”(藏文:དགའ་ལྡན་ཕོ་བྲང་གི་སྲིད་སྐྱོང་དུས་རབས།)。甘丹颇章政权包括和硕特汗国(1642年-1717年)、第巴政权(1642年-1720年)、噶伦联合执政时期(1720年-1727年)、西藏郡王政权(1727年-1750年)、噶厦政权(1750年-1959年)。 1959年藏區騷亂後,十四世達賴喇嘛流亡印度。噶廈被中華人民共和國政府廢除,改為西藏自治區人民政府。達賴喇嘛在達蘭薩拉組建西藏流亡政府,該流亡政府全稱「博雄甘丹頗章確勒郎傑」(藏文:བོད་གཞུང་དགའ་ལྡན་ཕོ་བྲང་ཕྱོགས་ལས་རྣམ་རྒྱལ་,威利转写:bod gzhung dga' ldan pho brang phyogs las rnam rgyal),簡稱「甘丹頗章」。後來西藏流亡議會通過決議,改名為藏人行政中央。 (zh)
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rdfs:comment
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- 간덴 포드랑(티베트어: དགའ་ལྡན་ཕོ་བྲང [kɑ̃̀tɛ̃̀ pʰóʈɑ̀ŋ], 중국어: 甘丹颇章)은 1642년 코슈트 칸국에서 귀시 칸의 양해 하에 가 설치한 일종의 정부였다. 귀시 칸은 티베트 서남부의 르카쩌시에 머물렀는데, 이 때부터 달라이 라마 5세에게 티베트 국내 내정이 이임되면서 동남부의 라싸가 티베트의 수도 기능을 하기 시작했다. 1720년 청나라가 티베트에 쳐들어와 코슈트 칸국이 망하고 티베트는 1912년까지 청나라의 번부가 되어 청조 중앙에서 서럼셔머 터허 암반(주찰대신)의 일종인 (흠차주장판사대신)이 파견되었다. 하지만 그와 별개로 간덴 포드랑은 청나라 시기에도 티베트 지역의 자치정부로서 존속했고, 청나라 멸망 이후 군벌 시대에는 독립을 추진(티베트 왕국)하기도 했다. 중화인민공화국이 티베트를 합병한 뒤 1959년 완전히 철폐되었다. (ko)
- De regering van historisch Tibet heeft betrekking op de regering waarvan de dalai lama aan het hoofd stond. Formeel was dat zo geregeld sinds het eind van de periode van de zevende dalai lama (1708-1757). In de praktijk hebben in de 19e eeuw vooral regenten in Tibet geregeerd door het - steeds onder mysterieuze omstandigheden - op zeer jeugdige leeftijd overlijden van de negende tot en met twaalfde dalai lama. In 1959 vluchtte de dalai lama tijdens de opstand van 1959 naar India en werd de Tibetaanse regering in ballingschap voortgezet. (nl)
- 甘丹颇章(藏文:དགའ་ལྡན་ཕོ་བྲང,威利转写:dga' ldan pho brang),又译噶登頗章、噶丹颇章,是藏传佛教格鲁派领袖达赖喇嘛在哲蚌寺的寝宫。 重建布达拉宫以前,五世达赖喇嘛住在甘丹颇章,从那里开始执掌了西藏的政教大权,甘丹颇章成为西藏政府的同义语,史学界故称达赖喇嘛主持西藏的政权为“甘丹颇章政权”(藏文:དགའ་ལྡན་ཕོ་བྲང་གི་སྲིད་སྐྱོང་དུས་རབས།)。甘丹颇章政权包括和硕特汗国(1642年-1717年)、第巴政权(1642年-1720年)、噶伦联合执政时期(1720年-1727年)、西藏郡王政权(1727年-1750年)、噶厦政权(1750年-1959年)。 1959年藏區騷亂後,十四世達賴喇嘛流亡印度。噶廈被中華人民共和國政府廢除,改為西藏自治區人民政府。達賴喇嘛在達蘭薩拉組建西藏流亡政府,該流亡政府全稱「博雄甘丹頗章確勒郎傑」(藏文:བོད་གཞུང་དགའ་ལྡན་ཕོ་བྲང་ཕྱོགས་ལས་རྣམ་རྒྱལ་,威利转写:bod gzhung dga' ldan pho brang phyogs las rnam rgyal),簡稱「甘丹頗章」。後來西藏流亡議會通過決議,改名為藏人行政中央。 (zh)
- The Ganden Phodrang or Ganden Podrang (Tibetan: དགའ་ལྡན་ཕོ་བྲང, Wylie: dGa' ldan pho brang, Lhasa dialect: [ˈkɑ̃̀tɛ̃̀ ˈpʰóʈɑ̀ŋ]; Chinese: 甘丹頗章; pinyin: Gāndān Pōzhāng) was the Tibetan system of government established by the 5th Dalai Lama in 1642; it operated in Tibet until the 1950s. Lhasa became the capital of Tibet again early in this period, after the Oirat lord Güshi Khan conferred all temporal power on the 5th Dalai Lama in a ceremony in Shigatse in 1642. The Ganden Phodrang accepted China's Qing emperors as overlords after 1720,and the Qing became increasingly active in governing Tibet starting in the early 18th century. After the fall of the Qing empire in 1912, the Ganden Phodrang government lasted until the 1950s, when the People's Republic of China (PRC) incorporated Tibet. (en)
- Le Ganden Phodrang (tibétain : དགའ་ལྡན་ཕོ་བྲང, Wylie : dGa' ldan pho brang, THL : ganden podrang ; chinois : 甘丹頗章 ; pinyin : gāndān pōzhāng), également appelée période du Ganden Phodrang, gouvernement du Ganden Phodrang ou régime du Ganden Phodrang (tibétain : བོད་གཞུང་དགའ་ལྡན་ཕོ་དྲང, Wylie : bod gzhung dga' ldan pho drang, THL : Pö Shung Ganden Phodrang), est le type de gouvernement mis en place en 1642 par Lobsang Gyatso, le 5e dalaï-lama, devenu chef spirituel de tout le Tibet grâce au khan mongol qoshot, Güshi Khan qui reçoit en échange la reconnaissance en tant que roi du Tibet. C'est la fin de la Période Phagmodrupa, contrôlée par les tibétains ; les religieux des écoles traditionnelles tibétaines kagyupa et du chamanisme bön, opposés à l'école guéloug, sont chassés du pouvoir par le (fr)
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