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- A forced confession is a confession obtained from a suspect or a prisoner by means of torture (including enhanced interrogation techniques) or other forms of duress. Depending on the level of coercion used, a forced confession is not valid in revealing the truth. The individuals being interrogated may agree to the story presented to them or even make up falsehoods themselves in order to satisfy the interrogator and discontinue their suffering. For centuries the Latin phrase "Confessio est regina probationum" (in English: "Confession is the queen of evidence") justified the use of forced confession in the European legal system. When especially during the Middle Ages acquiring a confession was the most important thing during preparations before a trial, than the method used to get the confession seemed irrelevant, de facto sanctioning the use of torture to extract forced confession. By the late 18th century, most scholars and lawyers thought of the forced confession not only as a relic of past times and morally wrong but also ineffective as the victim of torture may confess to anything just to ease their suffering. Developments in the 20th century, notably the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, greatly reduced the legal acceptance of forced confessions. However, for most of legal history they have been accepted in most of the world, and are still accepted in some jurisdictions. (en)
- 刑讯逼供，又稱严刑逼供（台灣俗作刑求），是指司法人员为了逼取口供，对犯罪嫌疑人或被告人使用肉刑或变相肉刑的行为。这些可以是肉体上的，也可以是心理上的；近代在戰爭時，慣用此審訊方式虐待戰俘取得有軍事價值資訊者。 根据聯合國禁止酷刑公約的定义，刑讯逼供指的是：国家机关以暴力取得口供，或是恐吓惩罚为目的，而使当事人遭受到“蓄意的肉体上或精神上的痛楚”或此方面的威逼。 逼供由於令嫌疑犯受到極大痛楚，可能虛構証據或自認犯罪，因而很可能造成冤獄。現今部分國家的司法部門仍會私下向疑犯採用刑訊逼供的方式來錄取口供。 (zh)
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