About: Colorado Coalfield War

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The Colorado Coalfield War was a major labor uprising in the Southern and Central Colorado Front Range between September 1913 and December 1914. Striking began in late summer 1913, organized by the United Mine Workers of America (UMWA) against the Rockefeller-owned Colorado Fuel and Iron (CF&I) after years of deadly working conditions and low pay. The strike was marred by targeted and indiscriminate attacks from both strikers and individuals hired by CF&I to defend its property. Fighting was focused in the southern coal-mining counties of Las Animas and Huerfano, where the Colorado and Southern railroad passed through Trinidad and Walsenburg. It followed the 1912 Northern Colorado Coalfield Strikes.

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  • La vaga de Colorado de 1913 fou un aixecament dels miners de carbó de la regió de Colorado que acabà amb enfrontaments violents amb l'exèrcit. Es considera la vaga amb més morts de la història dels Estats Units, fins al punt que també se l'ha anomenat "guerra del carbó de Colorado". (ca)
  • The Colorado Coalfield War was a major labor uprising in the Southern and Central Colorado Front Range between September 1913 and December 1914. Striking began in late summer 1913, organized by the United Mine Workers of America (UMWA) against the Rockefeller-owned Colorado Fuel and Iron (CF&I) after years of deadly working conditions and low pay. The strike was marred by targeted and indiscriminate attacks from both strikers and individuals hired by CF&I to defend its property. Fighting was focused in the southern coal-mining counties of Las Animas and Huerfano, where the Colorado and Southern railroad passed through Trinidad and Walsenburg. It followed the 1912 Northern Colorado Coalfield Strikes. Tensions climaxed at the Ludlow Colony, a tent city occupied by about 1,200 striking coal miners and their families, in the Ludlow Massacre on 20 April 1914 when the Colorado National Guard attacked. In retaliation, armed miners attacked dozens of mines and other targets over the next ten days, killing strikebreakers, destroying property, and engaging in several skirmishes with the National Guard along a 225-mile (362 km) front from Trinidad to Louisville, north of Denver. Violence largely ended following the arrival of federal soldiers in late April 1914, but the strike did not end until December 1914. No concessions were made to the strikers. An estimated 69 to 199 people died during the strike, though the total dead counted in official local government records and contemporary news reports is far lower. Described as the "bloodiest labor dispute in American history" and "bloodiest civil insurrection in American history since the Civil War," the Colorado Coalfield War is notable for the number of company-aligned dead in a period when strikebreaking violence typically saw fatalities exclusively among strikers. (en)
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  • 36165974 (xsd:integer)
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  • 113987 (xsd:nonNegativeInteger)
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  • 1124231348 (xsd:integer)
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dbp:align
  • right (en)
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dbp:caption
  • (en)
  • Clockwise from top left: (en)
  • Armed strikers at Ludlow before the massacre (en)
  • Federal troops arrive at Ludlow (en)
  • Trinidad under striker control, April 1914 (en)
  • National Guard artillery practice early in the strike (en)
  • Strikers stand near dead National Guardsman killed during Ten Days War (en)
  • Colorado National Guardsmen riding atop railcars, Ludlow, 1914 (en)
dbp:casualties
  • 32 (xsd:integer)
  • 37 (xsd:integer)
  • 400 (xsd:integer)
  • Several troops court-martialed (en)
  • Total deaths, including Ludlow Massacre: 69 – 199 (en)
dbp:date
  • 1913-09-23 (xsd:date)
  • 1914-04-20 (xsd:date)
  • 1914-04-29 (xsd:date)
  • (en)
  • First stage: (en)
  • Final stage: (en)
  • Ten Days War: (en)
dbp:howmany
  • 75 (xsd:integer)
  • 397 (xsd:integer)
  • 695 (xsd:integer)
  • 10000 (xsd:integer)
  • Peak Strength: (en)
dbp:imageSize
  • 300 (xsd:integer)
dbp:leadfigures
  • dbr:Elias_M._Ammons
  • Mother Jones (en)
  • Adjutant Gen. John Chase (en)
  • John C. Osgood (en)
  • John D. Rockefeller Jr. (en)
  • John R. Lawson (en)
  • Louis Tikas (en)
  • Lt. Karl Linderfelt (en)
  • Strike leaders: (en)
  • Support from: (en)
dbp:partof
  • the Coal Wars (en)
dbp:place
dbp:quote
  • "Whenever trouble arose between the workingmen and the employers, whenever the miners began to organize to support or enforce demands for improved conditions, the State, whether in control of a Republican or a Democratic administration, thereupon surrendered its right and duty to enforce the law and maintain order. It turned over this right and duty to the mining companies, themselves, who thereupon imported into the State or organized within the State crews of gunmen and of private detectives and the like, organized them as guards around their property and prepared for open warfare which such actions inevitably precipitated. Many of these special deputies and detectives were excellent men; but this has no more to do with the case than has the fact that many of the riotous striker were also excellent men. The point is that the State recognized in the contestants the right of private war." (en)
dbp:result
  • Strike failed * Federal disarmament of strikers * Union abandons strike following exhaustion of funds * The Rockefeller Plan introduced to internally improve corporate-miner relations (en)
dbp:side
  • dbr:Colorado_National_Guard
  • Baldwin–Felts Detective Agency (en)
  • Colorado Coal miners (en)
  • Colorado Fuel and Iron (CF&I) (en)
  • Rocky Mountain Fuel Company (en)
  • Support from: (en)
  • United Mine Workers of America (UMWA) (en)
  • Victor-American Fuel Company (en)
dbp:source
  • 0001-09-23 (xsd:gMonthDay)
  • Letter to Rep. Edward P. Costigan. (en)
dbp:text
  • "Rise up and strike! If you are too cowardly, there are enough women in this country to come in here and beat the hell out of you." (en)
dbp:title
  • Colorado Coalfield War (en)
dbp:width
  • 40.0
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dcterms:subject
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rdfs:comment
  • La vaga de Colorado de 1913 fou un aixecament dels miners de carbó de la regió de Colorado que acabà amb enfrontaments violents amb l'exèrcit. Es considera la vaga amb més morts de la història dels Estats Units, fins al punt que també se l'ha anomenat "guerra del carbó de Colorado". (ca)
  • The Colorado Coalfield War was a major labor uprising in the Southern and Central Colorado Front Range between September 1913 and December 1914. Striking began in late summer 1913, organized by the United Mine Workers of America (UMWA) against the Rockefeller-owned Colorado Fuel and Iron (CF&I) after years of deadly working conditions and low pay. The strike was marred by targeted and indiscriminate attacks from both strikers and individuals hired by CF&I to defend its property. Fighting was focused in the southern coal-mining counties of Las Animas and Huerfano, where the Colorado and Southern railroad passed through Trinidad and Walsenburg. It followed the 1912 Northern Colorado Coalfield Strikes. (en)
rdfs:label
  • Colorado Coalfield War (en)
  • Vaga de Colorado de 1913 (ca)
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