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Ancient Iranian religion or Iranian paganism, refers to the ancient beliefs and practices of the Iranian peoples before the rise of Zoroastrianism. The religion closest to it was the Historical Vedic religion (ancient Hinduism) that was practiced in the ancient Indian subcontinent. The major deities worshipped were Varuna and Mithra from Iran to Rome, but Agni was also worshipped, as names of kings and common public showing devotion to these three exist in most cases. But some sects, the precursors of the Magi, also worshipped Ahura Mazda, the chief of the Asuras. With the rise of Zoroaster and his new, reformatory religion; Assura Medha or Ahuramazda became the principle deities and Devas were relegated to the background. A lot of the attributes and commandments of Varuna, called Fahrana

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  • يشير الدين الإيراني القديم إلى معتقدات الشعوب الإيرانية وشعائرها قبل انتشار الزرادشتية. برزت الشعوب الإيرانية فرعًا مستقلًا من الهندو أوروبيين في الألفية الثانية قبل الميلاد، وفيها سيطروا على السهول الأوراسية والهضبة الإيرانية. نشأ دينهم عن الدين الهندي الأوروبي البدائي، ومن هنا فقد شابه من وجوه كثيرة الدين الفيدي. ومع أن الشعوب الإيرانية لم تترك شواهد مادّية على شعائرها الدينية إلا قليلًا، فإن في الإمكان إعادة بناء دينهم من الأدلة الإيرانية والإغريقية والبابلية الضئيلة، ومن التشابهات مع الفيدية والأديان الهندية الأوروبية الأخرى، ومن الأدلة المادية. كان دينهم متعدد الآلهة، وكان الإله الرئيس في مجمع الآلهة عندهم هو أهورا مزدا، وكانوا يعدّونه خالق العالم. وكانوا يعتقدون بتقسيم الكون إلى ثلاث طبقات: الأرض، والجو، والسماء فوقهما. كانت الثنويّة مدعومة بقوّة وكانت طبيعة البشر تُعَدّ خيّرة من ناحية جوهرها. كانت الشعيرة الرئيسة للإيرانيين القدماء هي اليزنا، وفيها تُقَدَّس الآلهة، وتُتناول مادة الهوما المخدّرة. كان ينفّذ هذه الشعيرة طبقة كهنوتية مدرَّبة على مستوى عال. كانت النار تُعبد لأنها تمثّل الإله آتار. كان بين السياسة والدين في الإمبراطوريات الفارسية صلة قويّة. ومنذ أوائل القرن العاشر قبل الميلاد، بدأت الزرادشتية تدريجيا تحلّ محلّ الدين الإيراني القديم، مع أنها حوَتْ عناصر جوهرية كثيرة منه. (ar)
  • Ancient Iranian religion or Iranian paganism, refers to the ancient beliefs and practices of the Iranian peoples before the rise of Zoroastrianism. The religion closest to it was the Historical Vedic religion (ancient Hinduism) that was practiced in the ancient Indian subcontinent. The major deities worshipped were Varuna and Mithra from Iran to Rome, but Agni was also worshipped, as names of kings and common public showing devotion to these three exist in most cases. But some sects, the precursors of the Magi, also worshipped Ahura Mazda, the chief of the Asuras. With the rise of Zoroaster and his new, reformatory religion; Assura Medha or Ahuramazda became the principle deities and Devas were relegated to the background. A lot of the attributes and commandments of Varuna, called Fahrana in Medean times, were later attributed to Ashura Medha by Zoroaster. The Iranian peoples emerged as a separate branch of the Indo-Iranians in the 2nd-millennium BC, during which they came to dominate the Eurasian Steppe and the Iranian Plateau. Their religion is derived from Proto-Indo-Iranian religion, and therefore shares many similarities with the Vedic religion (archaic Hinduism) of India. Although the Iranian peoples left little written or material evidence of their religious practices, their religion is possible to reconstruct from scant Iranian, Babylonian and Greek accounts, similarities with Vedic and other Indo-European religions, and material evidence. Prior to the Achaemenid period, the daivas were also commonly worshipped. The Achaemenid kings made it a state policy to destroy their shrines and vilify them. Old Persian daiva occurs twice in Xerxes I's daiva inscription (XPh, early 5th century BCE). This trilingual text also includes one reference to a daivadana ("house of the daivas"), generally interpreted to be a reference to a shrine or sanctuary. In his inscription, Xerxes I records that "by the favor of Ahura Mazda I destroyed that establishment of the daivas and I proclaimed, 'The daivas thou shalt not worship!'" This statement has been interpreted either one of two ways. Either the statement is an ideological one and daivas were gods that were to be rejected, or the statement was politically motivated and daivas were gods that were followed by (potential) enemies of the state. Under the Achaemenids, Ahura Mazda received state patronage as the chief deity and the emperors became his representatives. Ahura Mazda was thus recognized as the creator of the world. Dualism was strongly emphasized and human nature was considered essentially good. The chief ritual of the ancient Iranians was the yasna, in which the deities were praised and the mind-altering drug hauma was consumed. This ritual was performed by a highly trained priestly class. Politics and religion under the Persian empires were strongly connected. Beginning in the early 10th century BC, the ancient Iranian religion was gradually displaced by Zoroastrianism, which contains some aspects of its predecessor. (en)
  • Agama Iran Kuno atau Paganisme Iran, mengacu pada kepercayaan dan tradisi bangsa Iran Kuno sebelum munculnya Zoroastrianisme. Bangsa Iran Kuno lahir sebagai bagian dari (sering dikenal sebagai bangsa Arya) pada milenium ke-2 SM, yang menguasai Stepa Eurasia dan Dataran Tinggi Iran. Kepercayaan ini diturunkan dari agama Proto-Indo Iran secara khusus, dan agama Proto-Indo-Eropa secara umum, sehingga memiliki banyak kemiripan dengan agama Weda. Meskipun orang-orang Iran meninggalkan sedikit bukti tertulis atau material arkeologi dari tradisi keagamaan mereka, agama ini dapat direkonstruksi dari naskah-naskah berbahasa Iran Kuno, Bael, Yunani, Hindu, dan agama-agama Indo-Eropa lainnya. Sebelum zaman Akhemeniyah, para juga biasa disembah. Raja-raja Akhemeniyah menerapkan kebijakan untuk menghancurkan kuil-kuil agama itu dan menjelek-jelekkannya. Daiva pada bahasa Persia Kuno disebut dua kali pada prasasti daiva yang ditulis oleh Ahasyweros I (XPh, awal abad ke-5 SM). Naskah tiga bahasa ini juga mencakup satu rujukan ke daivadana ("rumah para daiva"), yang umumnya ditafsirkan sebagai referensi ke kuil atau tempat suci. Dalam prasastinya, Ahasyweros I mencatat bahwa Ahura Mazda I "menghancurkan pendirian para daiva dan menyatakan, 'Daiva yang tidak boleh kalian sembah!'" Pernyataan ini telah ditafsirkan salah satu dari dua cara. Entah pernyataan tersebut bersifat ideologis dan daiva adalah dewa yang harus ditolak, atau pernyataan tersebut bermotif politik dan daiva adalah dewa yang diikuti oleh (calon) musuh negara. Di bawah kekuasaan Akhemeniyah, Ahura Mazda menerima perlindungan negara sebagai dewa utama dan kaisar menjadi wakilnya. Ahura Mazda dengan demikian diakui sebagai pencipta dunia. Dualisme sangat ditekankan dan naluri manusia pada dasarnya dianggap baik. Ritual utama bangsa Iran Kuno adalah yasna, di mana para dewa dipuji dan tumbuhan obat pengubah pikiran bernama dikonsumsi. Ritual ini dilakukan oleh kelas imam yang sangat terdidik dan terlatih. Politik dan agama di bawah kekaisaran Persia sangat berhubungan. Dimulai pada awal abad ke-10 SM, agama Iran kuno secara bertahap digantikan oleh Zoroastrianisme, yang mengandung beberapa aspek ajaran pendahulunya. (in)
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  • [Vrthraghna is a] ferocious wild boar with sharp teeth and tusks, a boar that kills at one blow…who, overtaking his opponent…strikes down with a toss of his head…until he smashes the vertebrae, the pillars of life… mixes on the ground the bones, hair, brains, and blood. (en)
  • [Ahura Mazda was] the great god... who created this earth, who created yonder heaven, who created man, who created happiness for man, who made Darius king. (en)
  • Who is the original father of arta? Who established the paths of the sun and the stars? Who is it through whom the moon now waxes now wanes? Who supports the earth below and the heavens from falling down? Who yokes the two steeds to the wind and the clouds?... Who fashioned honoured Devotion together with Dominion? Who made... a son respectful of his father? (en)
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  • Inscription at Naqsh-e Rustam (en)
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  • 20.0
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  • يشير الدين الإيراني القديم إلى معتقدات الشعوب الإيرانية وشعائرها قبل انتشار الزرادشتية. برزت الشعوب الإيرانية فرعًا مستقلًا من الهندو أوروبيين في الألفية الثانية قبل الميلاد، وفيها سيطروا على السهول الأوراسية والهضبة الإيرانية. نشأ دينهم عن الدين الهندي الأوروبي البدائي، ومن هنا فقد شابه من وجوه كثيرة الدين الفيدي. ومع أن الشعوب الإيرانية لم تترك شواهد مادّية على شعائرها الدينية إلا قليلًا، فإن في الإمكان إعادة بناء دينهم من الأدلة الإيرانية والإغريقية والبابلية الضئيلة، ومن التشابهات مع الفيدية والأديان الهندية الأوروبية الأخرى، ومن الأدلة المادية. كان دينهم متعدد الآلهة، وكان الإله الرئيس في مجمع الآلهة عندهم هو أهورا مزدا، وكانوا يعدّونه خالق العالم. وكانوا يعتقدون بتقسيم الكون إلى ثلاث طبقات: الأرض، والجو، والسماء فوقهما. كانت الثنويّة مدعومة بقوّة وكانت طبيعة البشر تُعَدّ خيّرة من ناح (ar)
  • Ancient Iranian religion or Iranian paganism, refers to the ancient beliefs and practices of the Iranian peoples before the rise of Zoroastrianism. The religion closest to it was the Historical Vedic religion (ancient Hinduism) that was practiced in the ancient Indian subcontinent. The major deities worshipped were Varuna and Mithra from Iran to Rome, but Agni was also worshipped, as names of kings and common public showing devotion to these three exist in most cases. But some sects, the precursors of the Magi, also worshipped Ahura Mazda, the chief of the Asuras. With the rise of Zoroaster and his new, reformatory religion; Assura Medha or Ahuramazda became the principle deities and Devas were relegated to the background. A lot of the attributes and commandments of Varuna, called Fahrana (en)
  • Agama Iran Kuno atau Paganisme Iran, mengacu pada kepercayaan dan tradisi bangsa Iran Kuno sebelum munculnya Zoroastrianisme. Bangsa Iran Kuno lahir sebagai bagian dari (sering dikenal sebagai bangsa Arya) pada milenium ke-2 SM, yang menguasai Stepa Eurasia dan Dataran Tinggi Iran. Kepercayaan ini diturunkan dari agama Proto-Indo Iran secara khusus, dan agama Proto-Indo-Eropa secara umum, sehingga memiliki banyak kemiripan dengan agama Weda. Meskipun orang-orang Iran meninggalkan sedikit bukti tertulis atau material arkeologi dari tradisi keagamaan mereka, agama ini dapat direkonstruksi dari naskah-naskah berbahasa Iran Kuno, Bael, Yunani, Hindu, dan agama-agama Indo-Eropa lainnya. (in)
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  • Ancient Iranian religion (en)
  • الدين الإيراني القديم (ar)
  • Agama Iran kuno (in)
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