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Statements

Subject Item
dbr:International_law_and_Israeli_settlements
rdf:type
owl:Thing
rdfs:label
International law and Israeli settlements Derecho internacional y los asentamientos israelíes القانون الدولي والمستوطنات الإسرائيلية
rdfs:comment
The international community considers the establishment of Israeli settlements in the Israeli-occupied territories illegal on one of two bases: that they are in violation of Article 49 of the Fourth Geneva Convention, or that they are in breach of international declarations. The United Nations Security Council, the United Nations General Assembly, the International Committee of the Red Cross, the International Court of Justice and the High Contracting Parties to the Convention have all affirmed that the Fourth Geneva Convention applies to the Israeli-occupied territories. يعتبر المجتمع الدولي على نطاق واسع إنشاء المستوطنات الإسرائيلية في المناطق التي تحتلها إسرائيل غير قانوني على إحدى قاعدتين: إما لأن المستوطنات تمثل خرقًا للمادة 49 من اتفاقية جنيف، أو لأنها مخالفة للإعلانات الدولية. كما أكّد كل من مجلس الأمن، والجمعية العامة للأمم المتحدة، واللجنة الدولية للصليب الأحمر، ومحكمة العدل الدولية، والأطراف العليا الموقعة على الاتفاقية، أن اتفاقية جنيف الرابعة تنطبق على المستوطنات الإسرائيلية. La comunidad internacional considera que el establecimiento de asentamientos israelíes en los territorios ocupados en 1967 son ilegales según el derecho internacional, dado que el artículo 49 de la Cuarta Convención de Ginebra, de la que Israel es firmante, especifica que "la Potencia ocupante no podrá efectuar la evacuación o el traslado de una parte de la propia población civil al territorio por ella ocupado".​​​​​​ Sin embargo, Israel mantiene que los asentamientos son compatibles con el derecho internacional,​ ya que no está de acuerdo en que el Cuarto Convenio de Ginebra se aplica a los territorios ocupados tras la guerra de los Seis Días.​ El Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas, la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas, el Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja, la Corte Inte
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dbo:abstract
The international community considers the establishment of Israeli settlements in the Israeli-occupied territories illegal on one of two bases: that they are in violation of Article 49 of the Fourth Geneva Convention, or that they are in breach of international declarations. The United Nations Security Council, the United Nations General Assembly, the International Committee of the Red Cross, the International Court of Justice and the High Contracting Parties to the Convention have all affirmed that the Fourth Geneva Convention applies to the Israeli-occupied territories. Numerous UN resolutions and prevailing international opinion hold that Israeli settlements in the West Bank, East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights are a violation of international law, including UN Security Council resolutions in 1979, 1980, and 2016. UN Security Council Resolution 446 refers to the Fourth Geneva Convention as the applicable international legal instrument, and calls upon Israel to desist from transferring its own population into the territories or changing their demographic makeup. 126 Representatives at the reconvened Conference of the High Contracting Parties to the Geneva Conventions in 2014 declared the settlements illegal as has the primary judicial organ of the UN, the International Court of Justice and the International Committee of the Red Cross. Israel has consistently argued that the settlements are not in violation of the Fourth Geneva Convention since, in its view, Israeli citizens were neither deported nor transferred to the territories, and they cannot be considered to have become "occupied territory" since there had been no internationally recognized legal sovereign prior. Successive Israeli governments have argued that all authorized settlements are entirely legal and consistent with international law. In practice, Israel does not accept that the Fourth Geneva Convention applies de jure, but has stated that on humanitarian issues it will govern these areas de facto by its provisions, without specifying which these are. The majority of legal scholars hold the settlements to violate international law, while others have offered dissenting views supporting the Israeli position. The Israeli Supreme Court itself has never addressed the issue of the settlements' legality. The establishment of settlements has been described by some legal experts as a war crime according to the Rome Statute, and is currently under investigation as part of the International Criminal Court investigation in Palestine. La comunidad internacional considera que el establecimiento de asentamientos israelíes en los territorios ocupados en 1967 son ilegales según el derecho internacional, dado que el artículo 49 de la Cuarta Convención de Ginebra, de la que Israel es firmante, especifica que "la Potencia ocupante no podrá efectuar la evacuación o el traslado de una parte de la propia población civil al territorio por ella ocupado".​​​​​​ Sin embargo, Israel mantiene que los asentamientos son compatibles con el derecho internacional,​ ya que no está de acuerdo en que el Cuarto Convenio de Ginebra se aplica a los territorios ocupados tras la guerra de los Seis Días.​ El Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas, la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas, el Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja, la Corte Internacional de Justicia y las Altas Partes Contratantes en la Convención de Ginebra afirman que el Cuarto Convenio de Ginebra se aplica en este caso.​​​​ Numerosas resoluciones de la ONU han declarado que la construcción y existencia de los asentamientos israelíes en Cisjordania, Jerusalén Este y los Altos del Golán son una violación del derecho internacional, incluyendo las resoluciones del Consejo de Seguridad de la ONU en 1979, 1980 y 2016.​​​​ La resolución 446 del Consejo de Seguridad de la ONU se refiere a la Cuarta Convención de Ginebra como instrumento jurídico internacional aplicable, y exhorta a Israel a desistir de la transferencia de su propia población a los territorios o el cambio de su composición demográfica. La resolución 2334 del Consejo de Seguridad de la ONU, aprobada el 23 de diciembre de 2016, es de obligado cumplimiento para todos los países miembros de la ONU al ser vinculante, y afirma que dichos asentamientos «no tienen validez legal» y los califica como una «flagrante violación» del derecho internacional, demandando a Israel detener tales actividades y cumplir escrupulosamente las obligaciones y responsabilidades jurídicas que le incumben como «poder ocupante» en virtud del Cuarto Convenio de Ginebra relativo a la Protección debida a las Personas Civiles en Tiempo de Guerra, del 12 de agosto de 1949.​ La posición de los sucesivos gobiernos israelíes es que todos los asentamientos autorizados son totalmente legales y de conformidad con el derecho internacional,​ a pesar de los acuerdos de armisticio de Israel tiene, siendo todos con las Altas Partes Contratantes.​ En la práctica, Israel no acepta que el Cuarto Convenio de Ginebra se aplique de iure, pero ha afirmado que en cuestiones humanitarias, serán autogobernadas de facto por sus disposiciones, sin especificar cuáles son estas.​​ La mayoría de los expertos legales sostienen los asentamientos violan el derecho internacional, mientras que otros han ofrecido opiniones disidentes que apoyan la posición israelí.​ يعتبر المجتمع الدولي على نطاق واسع إنشاء المستوطنات الإسرائيلية في المناطق التي تحتلها إسرائيل غير قانوني على إحدى قاعدتين: إما لأن المستوطنات تمثل خرقًا للمادة 49 من اتفاقية جنيف، أو لأنها مخالفة للإعلانات الدولية. كما أكّد كل من مجلس الأمن، والجمعية العامة للأمم المتحدة، واللجنة الدولية للصليب الأحمر، ومحكمة العدل الدولية، والأطراف العليا الموقعة على الاتفاقية، أن اتفاقية جنيف الرابعة تنطبق على المستوطنات الإسرائيلية. وأكّدت العديد من قرارات الأمم المتحدة والرأي الدولي المسيطر أن المستوطنات الإسرائيلية في الضفة الغربية، والقدس الشرقية، ومرتفعات الجولان، تمثّل خرقًا للقانون الدولي بما في ذلك قرارات مجلس الأمن للأعوام 1979م و1980م و2016م. يُشير قرار مجلس الأمن رقم 446 إلى اتفاقية جنيف الرابعة بصفتها الأداة القانونية الدولية المطبّقة، ويطالب إسرائيل بالكف عن تحويل سكانها نحو تلك المناطق، أو تغيير التكوين الديموغرافي للمنطقة. أعلن 126 ممثلًا دوليًا في المؤتمر المنعقد للأطراف العليا الموقعة على اتفاقيات جنيف عام 2014م أن المستوطنات غير قانونية كما فعل العضو القضائي الأساسي في الأمم المتحدة؛ محكمة العدل الدولية واللجنة الدولية للصليب الأحمر. حاججت إسرائيل بضراوة أن المستوطنات لا تُمثّل خرقًا لاتفاقية جنيف الرابعة لأن المواطنين الإسرائيليين، من وجهة نظر إسرائيل، لم يُنقلوا أو يُحولوا إلى تلك المناطق، ولا يمكن اعتبار تلك المناطق أنها أصبحت مناطق محتلة بسبب عدم وجود سيادة دولية قانونية ومعترف بها سابقة للوجود الإسرائيلي. حاججت الحكومات الإسرائيلية المتعاقبة بأن كل المستوطنات الموافق عليها قانونية وتتماشى مع القانون الدولي. عمليًا، لا تقبل إسرائيل أن اتفاقية جنيف الرابعة تطبق حكم القانون، ولكنها صرّحت ولأسباب إنسانية بأنها ستحكم هذه المناطق بحكم الأمر الواقع من خلال أحكامها دون تحديد ماهيّة هذه الأحكام. يؤكد أغلب علماء القانون أن المستوطنات تُمثّل خرقًا للقانون الدولي، بينما أعرب آخرون عن آراء معارضة تدعم الموقف الإسرائيلي. لم تعالج المحكمة العليا الإسرائيلية ذاتها قضية مشروعية المستوطنات. بينما أكدت محكمة العدل الدولية بقرارها الصادر بتاريخ 9 يوليو/تموز عام 2004م بعدم مشروعية بناء المستوطنات الإسرائيلية على الأرض المحتلة.
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