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rdf:type: dbo:Book yago:Product104007894 yago:Publication106589574 yago:WikicatHistoryBooks yago:Work104599396 yago:PhysicalEntity100001930 yago:Book106410904 yago:Creation103129123 yago:Artifact100021939 yago:Object100002684 yago:Whole100003553
rdfs:label: Vierentwintig Geschiedenissen Veinticuatro Historias 二十四史 24 Dynastiegeschichten Dua Puluh Empat Sejarah Zhengshi De 24 historieverken Ventiquattro Storie Vingt-Quatre histoires Dwadzieścia cztery historie Династийные истории 二十四史 Vint-i-quatre històries 이십사사 Twenty-Four Histories
rdfs:comment: The Twenty-Four Histories (Chinese: 二十四史; pinyin: Èrshísì Shǐ; Wade–Giles: Erh-shih-szu shih), also known as the Orthodox Histories (Chinese: 正史; pinyin: Zhèngshǐ; Wade–Giles: Chêng4shih3), are the Chinese official dynastic histories covering from the earliest dynasty in 3000 BC to the Ming dynasty in the 17th century. The title "Twenty-Four Histories" dates from 1775, which was the 40th year in the reign of the Qianlong Emperor. This was when the last volume, the History of Ming, was reworked and a complete set of the histories was produced. 二十四史為中國古代各朝撰寫的二十四部史書的總稱，是獲歷朝代納為正統的史書，故又稱「正史」，記載逾四千年的中國歷史，上起傳說的黃帝，止於明朝崇禎十七年（1644年），計3213卷，約4000萬字，且統一使用分本紀、列傳的紀傳體編寫。「正史」一名，始見於《隋書·經籍志》：「世有著述，皆擬班、馬，以為正史。」當乾隆帝欽定「二十四史」以後，「正史」一稱就由「二十四史」所專有，取得了正統史書的地位。 1921年，中華民國大總統徐世昌下令將《新元史》列入正史，與「二十四史」合稱為「二十五史」，但學術界則一般奉《清史稿》為「二十五史」之一而摒除《新元史》，如果將兩書都列入正史，則成「二十六史」。二十四史（にじゅうしし）とは、清代に標準として制定された『史記』から『明史』までの24部の正史をいう。 Las Veinticuatro Historias (chino: 二十四史) son una colección de libros históricos chinos que cubren un período que va del 3000 a. C. hasta la dinastía Ming en el siglo XVII. Vierentwintig Geschiedenissen is de verzameling officiële geschiedenissen van Chinese keizerlijke dynastieën. De canon vormt een belangrijk onderdeel van de Chinese historiografie. Sinds de Tang-tijd nam elke dynastie de verplichting op zich om een geschiedenis van de voorafgaande dynastie samen te stellen. Dit gebeurde door hofambtenaren die gebruikmaakten van stukken uit het officiële keizerlijke archief van die voorafgaande dynastie. Belangrijkste doel bij het samenstellen van de geschiedenis was het legitimeren van de machtsovername door de nieuwe dynastie. De geschiedenissen zijn zowel naar vorm als naar inhoud opgezet naar het voorbeeld van de Shiji en de Hanshu. De 'Vierentwintig Geschiedenissen' zijn geschreven gedurende een periode van 1832 jaar en bevatten in totaal iets minder d Les Vint-i-quatre històries (xinès tradicional: 二十四史, xinès simplificat: 二十四史, pinyin: Èrshísì Shǐ, Wade-Giles: Erhshihszu Shih) són una col·lecció de llibres xinesos que cobreixen un període de protohistòria i història que va del 3000 aC fins a la dinastia Ming en el segle xvii. El conjunt sencer conté 3213 volums i al voltant de 40 milions de paraules. As Vinte e quatro histórias, também conhecida como Histórias Ortodoxas (pinyin: Èrshísì Shǐ; Wade-Giles: Erh-shih-szu shih), são as histórias dinásticas oficiais chinesas que abrangem desde a primeira dinastia, em 3000 a.C., até a dinastia Ming no século XVII. O título "Vinte e Quatro Histórias" data de 1775, que foi o 40º ano do reinado do Imperador Qianlong. Foi quando o último volume, a História da Dinastia Ming, foi retrabalhado e um conjunto completo de histórias produzido. Династийная история (кит. 正史, «чжэн ши») — характерный для монархического Китая вид исторического источника, официальная хроника правления династии. Составлялась, как правило, после падения очередной династии по указу следующего за ней императора. Вслед за «Ши цзи» каждая династическая хроника состояла из четырёх разделов, первый из которых был посвящён вопросам императорской генеалогии, второй — собственно летописи (хронологическое изложение событий), четвёртый — биографиям выдающихся лиц, а третий — всему остальному. Le Ventiquattro Storie (zh 二十四史S, Èrshísì ShǐP) sono un insieme di classici della storiografia cinese che coprono il periodo storico dal 3000 a.C. alla dinastia Ming. L'insieme è costituito da 3213 volumi e circa 40 milioni di parole.Viene considerato una fonte autorevole sulla storia e sulla cultura cinese, in particolare sulla letteratura, l'arte, la musica, la scienza, la storia militare, la geografia e l'etnografia. De 24 historieverken (kinesiska: 二十四史?, pinyin: Èrshísì Shǐ, Wade-Giles: Erhshihszu Shih) är en samling kinesiska historiekrönikor som sträcker sig så långt tillbaka som 3000-talet f.Kr. och fram till Mingdynastin på 1600-talet. De omfattar sammanlagt över 3 000 skriftrullar och har sammanställts på uppdrag av olika härskare genom århundradena. Dwadzieścia cztery historie (chiń. 二十四史; pinyin Èrshísì Shǐ; Wade-Giles Erh-shih-shu shih), znane również jako Historie dynastyczne lub Oficjalne historie (chiń. 正史) – zestaw chińskich oficjalnych ksiąg historycznych, obejmujących okres od 3000 p.n.e. do dynastii Ming w XVII wieku. Historie te wzorowane były na pochodzącej z czasów dynastii Han kronice autorstwa Sima Qiana, Zapiski historyka, który stworzył konwencję gatunku. Dua Puluh Empat Sejarah (Hanzi: 二十四史; Pinyin: Èrshísì Shǐ; Wade–Giles: Erhshihszu Shih) adalah sekumpulan buku sejarah Tiongkok yang menjabarkan periode dari tahun 3000 SM hingga masa Dinasti Ming pada abad ke-17. Dalam kumpulan ini terdapat 3213 volume dan sekitar 40 juta kata. Dua Puluh Empat Sejarah merupakan salah satu sumber sejarah Tiongkok yang paling penting. 이십사사(二十四史)는 중국에서 정사(正史)로 인정받는 역사서 24종의 통칭이다. 다음 왕조에서 정사로 인정받은 것만을 모은 것으로 동아시아 역사 연구에 중요한 사료로 널리 인정받고 있다. 중화민국에서 《원사》를 고쳐 쓴 《신원사》 또는 청나라의 역사를 엮은 《청사고》를 합해 이십오사라 부르기도 한다. 또는 두 책을 모두 합쳐서 이십육사라 부르는 사람도 있다. 이십사사 가운데 《사기》, 《한서》, 《후한서》, 《삼국지》를 통틀어 전사사(前四史)로 부른다. Die 24 Dynastiegeschichten (chinesisch 二十四史, Pinyin èrshísì shǐ) sind die grundlegenden Werke der chinesischen Historiographie. Es handelt sich dabei um einen Chronikenzyklus, der von der Zeit um das 2. Jahrhundert v. Chr. bis zur ersten Hälfte des 18. Jahrhunderts zusammengestellt wurde. Die 24 Dynastiegeschichten beschreiben in 3249 Bänden mit etwa 40 Millionen Schriftzeichen 4000 Jahre der chinesischen Geschichte. Les Vingt-Quatre histoires (chinois : 二十四史 ; pinyin : Èrshísì Shǐ) sont une série d'annales dynastiques qui couvrent l'histoire de la Chine de 3000 av. J.-C. à la dynastie des Ming au xviie siècle. L'ensemble, constitué de 3213 volumes et d'environ 40 millions de caractères, est souvent considéré comme faisant autorité pour l'histoire traditionnelle de la Chine et est utilisé comme source dans les recherches de littérature, d'art, de musique, de science, d'histoire militaire, de géographie, d'ethnographie et d'autres matières encore.
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dbp:c: 二十四史
dbp:j: Ji6sap6sei3 Si2
dbp:p: Èrshísì Shǐ
dbp:title: Twenty-Four Histories
dbo:abstract: 二十四史（にじゅうしし）とは、清代に標準として制定された『史記』から『明史』までの24部の正史をいう。 Vierentwintig Geschiedenissen is de verzameling officiële geschiedenissen van Chinese keizerlijke dynastieën. De canon vormt een belangrijk onderdeel van de Chinese historiografie. Sinds de Tang-tijd nam elke dynastie de verplichting op zich om een geschiedenis van de voorafgaande dynastie samen te stellen. Dit gebeurde door hofambtenaren die gebruikmaakten van stukken uit het officiële keizerlijke archief van die voorafgaande dynastie. Belangrijkste doel bij het samenstellen van de geschiedenis was het legitimeren van de machtsovername door de nieuwe dynastie. De geschiedenissen zijn zowel naar vorm als naar inhoud opgezet naar het voorbeeld van de Shiji en de Hanshu. De 'Vierentwintig Geschiedenissen' zijn geschreven gedurende een periode van 1832 jaar en bevatten in totaal iets minder dan 40 miljoen karakters, waarvan 13.966 verschillende. Династийная история (кит. 正史, «чжэн ши») — характерный для монархического Китая вид исторического источника, официальная хроника правления династии. Составлялась, как правило, после падения очередной династии по указу следующего за ней императора. Вслед за «Ши цзи» каждая династическая хроника состояла из четырёх разделов, первый из которых был посвящён вопросам императорской генеалогии, второй — собственно летописи (хронологическое изложение событий), четвёртый — биографиям выдающихся лиц, а третий — всему остальному. Из 26 династических историй каноническими считаются двадцать четыре, называемые «Эршисы ши» (кит. упр. 二十四史, пиньинь Èrshísì Shǐ) и отражающие события истории Поднебесной с 3000 г. до н. э. до династии Мин в XVII веке. Полная коллекция содержит 3213 томов и около 40 миллионов иероглифов. Считается одним из наиболее авторитетных источников по истории Китая, который также используется в исследованиях по литературе, изобразительному искусству, музыке, военному искусству, географии и других областях общественных наук. Необходимо отметить, что, согласно традиционной китаецентристской модели мироустройства, кто бы ни правил в Китае — это всё разные «династии Китая». Таким образом, Китаем считаются и существовавшие на его территории государства, управлявшиеся династиями «варварского» происхождения, и нередко включавшие большие территории с этнически некитайским населением: например, киданьская империя Ляо, чжурчжэньская — Цзинь, монгольская — Юань, маньчжурская — Цин и т. д. По древней традиции, признание династии «полноценной» сильно зависело от официальной конфуцианской историографии, причём заключительным актом этого было составление официальной истории. Её обычно готовила специальная комиссия, которую назначал император династии-преемницы, он же утверждал готовый текст; соответственно, эти истории компилировали обычно с китайскоязычных хроник — китайские историки по конфуцианским лекалам. (См. напр. «Мин шилу» для династии Мин.) Неудивительно, что не-китайские государства у них приобретали специфические китайские черты. Le Ventiquattro Storie (zh 二十四史S, Èrshísì ShǐP) sono un insieme di classici della storiografia cinese che coprono il periodo storico dal 3000 a.C. alla dinastia Ming. L'insieme è costituito da 3213 volumi e circa 40 milioni di parole.Viene considerato una fonte autorevole sulla storia e sulla cultura cinese, in particolare sulla letteratura, l'arte, la musica, la scienza, la storia militare, la geografia e l'etnografia. Le cronache che fanno parte delle Ventiquattro Storie furono generalmente scritte nel corso della dinastia successiva a quella descritta, a partire da fonti autorevoli, con un lavoro di revisione, collazione ed organizzazione. Las Veinticuatro Historias (chino: 二十四史) son una colección de libros históricos chinos que cubren un período que va del 3000 a. C. hasta la dinastía Ming en el siglo XVII. Dwadzieścia cztery historie (chiń. 二十四史; pinyin Èrshísì Shǐ; Wade-Giles Erh-shih-shu shih), znane również jako Historie dynastyczne lub Oficjalne historie (chiń. 正史) – zestaw chińskich oficjalnych ksiąg historycznych, obejmujących okres od 3000 p.n.e. do dynastii Ming w XVII wieku. Historie te wzorowane były na pochodzącej z czasów dynastii Han kronice autorstwa Sima Qiana, Zapiski historyka, który stworzył konwencję gatunku. Termin zhengshi nawiązuje do zhengtong („prawnego następstwa”) i każda z uznanych za legalne dynastii miała ostatecznie swoją oficjalną historię, stworzoną za czasów następnej dynastii, która ją w legalny sposób zastąpiła; łącznie były to 24 dzieła liczące w sumie ok. 40 mln chińskich znaków (użyte jest niemal 14 tys. różnych znaków). Ostatecznie zostały skompilowane i wydane w całości za czasów dynastii Qing w 3213 tomach w 40 roku panowania cesarza Qianlonga, czyli w roku 1775; to z tego wydania pochodzi nazwa „24 historie”. Pierwsza kronika Sima Qiana obejmuje czasy od czasów legendarnych aż po jemu współczesne, czyli ok. 3000 lat. Następne kroniki ograniczają się do opisów pojedynczych dynastii. Kroniki pisane po czasach tangowskich są dziełami kompilowanymi przez zespoły historyków ze specjalnego biura cesarskiego; wcześniejsze są autorstwa jednego lub dwóch pisarzy. Późne historie, przygotowywane zespołowo, mają coraz bardziej standaryzowaną formę, a ich kompilatorzy w dużej mierze porządkowali i redagowali materiały przygotowywane przez Biuro Historii poprzedniej dynastii (za czasów jej trwania). Późniejsze historie, pisane przez zespoły z biura historiografii pod ścisłym nadzorem urzędniczym, zawierają mniej elementów wywodzących się z folkloru i tradycji ustnych (np. opowieści o magicznym poczęciu władcy), słabszy jest też „element odautorski” (Sima Qian, autor pierwszej kroniki, nierzadko umieszczał dość osobiste komentarze na temat opisywanych osób czy wydarzeń). Późniejsze historie są też mniej interesujące z punktu widzenia stylu, który staje się bardziej suchy i urzędowy, co szczególnie widać w biografiach, pozbawianych ubarwiających szczegółów personalnych i ograniczanych głównie do wyliczenia stanowisk i funkcji pełnionych przez daną osobę. W kompilowanych przez urzędników z biura historiografii kronikach silniejszy jest też element konfucjańskiego dydaktyzmu. Kroniki te, mimo że przedstawiają oficjalny, rządowy punkt widzenia, zgodny z konfucjańską filozofią władzy, stanowią szczegółowe i bezcenne źródło wiedzy o dawnych Chinach. W szczególności wartościowe są wczesne kroniki, przygotowane na podstawie materiałów, które się nie zachowały, będące przez to podstawowym źródłem wiedzy o tamtych czasach De 24 historieverken (kinesiska: 二十四史?, pinyin: Èrshísì Shǐ, Wade-Giles: Erhshihszu Shih) är en samling kinesiska historiekrönikor som sträcker sig så långt tillbaka som 3000-talet f.Kr. och fram till Mingdynastin på 1600-talet. De omfattar sammanlagt över 3 000 skriftrullar och har sammanställts på uppdrag av olika härskare genom århundradena. Förutom den första krönikan, som behandlar hela tiden från civilisationens början fram till författarens egen tid, är varje bok inriktad på en viss dynasti, och sammanställdes i regel av den omedelbart efterföljande dynastin som ett bokslut över föregångarens meriter och tillkortakommanden. Krönikorna följer ett gemensamt format med ofta fyra avdelningar: hovkrönikor, kronologiska tabeller, uppsatser om olika specialområden (t.ex. dynastins ekonomiska och religiösa förhållanden) och biografier över framstående personer. Ibland händer det dock att en eller flera avdelningar saknas på grund av någon yttre omständighet; avdelningar som sällan saknas är hovkrönikor och biografier. Under 1900-talet sammanställdes ytterligare två krönikor, som ibland räknas in i denna samling: Den nya Yuan-krönikan och Utkast till Qing-krönikan. Den senare var tänkt som det officiella bokslutet över Kinas sista kejsardynasti, men på grund av de ofta kaotiska förhållandena i landet mellan kejsardömets avskaffande och Folkrepublikens grundande kunde arbetet aldrig slutföras ordentligt. Det ofärdiga manuskriptet kom dock att publiceras, med ordet "utkast" varnande tillfogat titeln. Dua Puluh Empat Sejarah (Hanzi: 二十四史; Pinyin: Èrshísì Shǐ; Wade–Giles: Erhshihszu Shih) adalah sekumpulan buku sejarah Tiongkok yang menjabarkan periode dari tahun 3000 SM hingga masa Dinasti Ming pada abad ke-17. Dalam kumpulan ini terdapat 3213 volume dan sekitar 40 juta kata. Dua Puluh Empat Sejarah merupakan salah satu sumber sejarah Tiongkok yang paling penting. Les Vingt-Quatre histoires (chinois : 二十四史 ; pinyin : Èrshísì Shǐ) sont une série d'annales dynastiques qui couvrent l'histoire de la Chine de 3000 av. J.-C. à la dynastie des Ming au xviie siècle. L'ensemble, constitué de 3213 volumes et d'environ 40 millions de caractères, est souvent considéré comme faisant autorité pour l'histoire traditionnelle de la Chine et est utilisé comme source dans les recherches de littérature, d'art, de musique, de science, d'histoire militaire, de géographie, d'ethnographie et d'autres matières encore. Le modèle des annales dynastiques est les Mémoires historiques de Sima Qian. Les annales de chaque dynastie ont été rédigées par une équipe d'historiens de la dynastie suivante. Certaines rédactions des annales n'ayant pas été acceptées par le pouvoir, elles ont parfois été réécrites, ce qui explique qu'il y ait vingt-quatre annales, davantage que de dynasties. Les vingt-cinquièmes annales, celles de la dynastie Qing, ont été publiées sous forme de brouillon en 1927, et ne sont toujours pas achevées. Die 24 Dynastiegeschichten (chinesisch 二十四史, Pinyin èrshísì shǐ) sind die grundlegenden Werke der chinesischen Historiographie. Es handelt sich dabei um einen Chronikenzyklus, der von der Zeit um das 2. Jahrhundert v. Chr. bis zur ersten Hälfte des 18. Jahrhunderts zusammengestellt wurde. Die 24 Dynastiegeschichten beschreiben in 3249 Bänden mit etwa 40 Millionen Schriftzeichen 4000 Jahre der chinesischen Geschichte. Einschließlich des 1920 erschienenen wird auch von den 25 Dynastiegeschichten (chin. Ershiwu shi) gesprochen, einschließlich des 1927 erschienenen von den 26 Dynastiegeschichten. The Twenty-Four Histories (Chinese: 二十四史; pinyin: Èrshísì Shǐ; Wade–Giles: Erh-shih-szu shih), also known as the Orthodox Histories (Chinese: 正史; pinyin: Zhèngshǐ; Wade–Giles: Chêng4shih3), are the Chinese official dynastic histories covering from the earliest dynasty in 3000 BC to the Ming dynasty in the 17th century. The Han dynasty official Sima Qian established many of the conventions of the genre, but the form was not fixed until much later. Starting with the Tang dynasty, each dynasty established an official office to write the history of its predecessor using official court records, partly in order to establish its own link to the earliest times. As fixed and edited in the Qing dynasty, the whole set contains 3,213 volumes and about 40 million words. It is considered one of the most important sources on Chinese history and culture. The title "Twenty-Four Histories" dates from 1775, which was the 40th year in the reign of the Qianlong Emperor. This was when the last volume, the History of Ming, was reworked and a complete set of the histories was produced. Les Vint-i-quatre històries (xinès tradicional: 二十四史, xinès simplificat: 二十四史, pinyin: Èrshísì Shǐ, Wade-Giles: Erhshihszu Shih) són una col·lecció de llibres xinesos que cobreixen un període de protohistòria i història que va del 3000 aC fins a la dinastia Ming en el segle xvii. El conjunt sencer conté 3213 volums i al voltant de 40 milions de paraules. Normalment, després de recollir informació de fonts creïbles, aquests registres d'història canònica es van produir en la següent dinastia amb una edició oficialment organitzada, amb revisió i confrontació. Cada errada objectiva deixada en els registres publicats és oficialment considerada una errada del funcionari responsable. Per tant, en comparació amb "personalment feta la història" (稗史), són considerats com "història creïble" (信史) per la majoria dels recercadors professionals d'història. 二十四史為中國古代各朝撰寫的二十四部史書的總稱，是獲歷朝代納為正統的史書，故又稱「正史」，記載逾四千年的中國歷史，上起傳說的黃帝，止於明朝崇禎十七年（1644年），計3213卷，約4000萬字，且統一使用分本紀、列傳的紀傳體編寫。「正史」一名，始見於《隋書·經籍志》：「世有著述，皆擬班、馬，以為正史。」當乾隆帝欽定「二十四史」以後，「正史」一稱就由「二十四史」所專有，取得了正統史書的地位。 1921年，中華民國大總統徐世昌下令將《新元史》列入正史，與「二十四史」合稱為「二十五史」，但學術界則一般奉《清史稿》為「二十五史」之一而摒除《新元史》，如果將兩書都列入正史，則成「二十六史」。 As Vinte e quatro histórias, também conhecida como Histórias Ortodoxas (pinyin: Èrshísì Shǐ; Wade-Giles: Erh-shih-szu shih), são as histórias dinásticas oficiais chinesas que abrangem desde a primeira dinastia, em 3000 a.C., até a dinastia Ming no século XVII. O oficial da dinastia Han, Sima Qian, estabeleceu muitas das convenções do gênero, mas a forma só foi definida muito mais tarde. Começando com a dinastia Tang, cada dinastia estabeleceu um Instituto de Historiografia (shiguan 史館) oficial para escrever a história da dinastia antecessora usando registros oficiais da corte imperial, em parte para estabelecer sua própria ligação com os primeiros tempos. Conforme corrigido e editado na dinastia Qing, o conjunto completo contém 3.213 volumes e cerca de 40 milhões de palavras. É considerada uma das fontes mais importantes sobre a história e cultura chinesa. O título "Vinte e Quatro Histórias" data de 1775, que foi o 40º ano do reinado do Imperador Qianlong. Foi quando o último volume, a História da Dinastia Ming, foi retrabalhado e um conjunto completo de histórias produzido. 이십사사(二十四史)는 중국에서 정사(正史)로 인정받는 역사서 24종의 통칭이다. 다음 왕조에서 정사로 인정받은 것만을 모은 것으로 동아시아 역사 연구에 중요한 사료로 널리 인정받고 있다. 중화민국에서 《원사》를 고쳐 쓴 《신원사》 또는 청나라의 역사를 엮은 《청사고》를 합해 이십오사라 부르기도 한다. 또는 두 책을 모두 합쳐서 이십육사라 부르는 사람도 있다. 이십사사 가운데 《사기》, 《한서》, 《후한서》, 《삼국지》를 통틀어 전사사(前四史)로 부른다.
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