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Precolonial Mauritania Mauritania precolonial
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Mauritania precolonial es un periodo del actual país de Mauritania («Bilad Chinguetti» en las fuentes árabes medievales)​ que abarca desde los primeros asentamientos hasta la proclamación de la colonia de Mauritania por la Tercera República Francesa en 1904. Los vestigios más antiguos de asentamiento en la región están en Tichit. En el siglo IX los lamtuna se aliaron con otras tribus y establecieron la confederación Sanhadja. En el siglo XI se desintegraría la confederación Sanhadja. En estos tiempos el islam empezaba a arraigarse sin desplazar a las prácticas religiosas tradicionales. Precolonial Mauritania, lying next to the Atlantic coast at the western edge of the Sahara Desert, received and assimilated into its complex society many waves of Saharan migrants and conquerors. Plinius wrote that the area north of the river Senegal was populated, during Augustus times, by the Pharusii and Perorsi Berbers moved south to Mauritania beginning in the 3rd century, followed by Arabs in the 8th century, subjugating and assimilating Mauritania's original inhabitants. From the 15th century, there was also limited European trading activity, mostly in gum arabic.
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Mauritania precolonial es un periodo del actual país de Mauritania («Bilad Chinguetti» en las fuentes árabes medievales)​ que abarca desde los primeros asentamientos hasta la proclamación de la colonia de Mauritania por la Tercera República Francesa en 1904. Los vestigios más antiguos de asentamiento en la región están en Tichit. Los romanos tendrían contacto con la región gracias a la expedición del romano Suetonio Paulino en el 41 d. C. Este contó que habitaban el área los farusios y unos “etíopes”, los perorsi.​ Esta población negra será desplazada en el siglo VIII hacia el sur por los bereberes que huían de la invasión musulmana del Magreb en el siglo VIII. En el siglo IX los lamtuna se aliaron con otras tribus y establecieron la confederación Sanhadja. En el siglo XI se desintegraría la confederación Sanhadja. En estos tiempos el islam empezaba a arraigarse sin desplazar a las prácticas religiosas tradicionales. El líder de la tribu Gudala trajo al teólogo musulmán ibn Yassin. Rechazado por los Gudala, fundará una rábida al sur, y sus segidores: los almorávides, invadirán la actual Mauritania, Marruecos y España. Se extendían desde el rio Senegal hasta el rio Ebro. Pese a su corta duración serán responsables de la islamización de la región y la caída del mandato de Ghana. En el siglo XVII se completará la islamizacion de la región debido a la expansión de la tribu de los Beni Hassan (los hijos de Hassan) que ganaron la guerra de Char Bouba y dominaron la región. De las cenizas de los Ghana surgirá el imperio de Malí, que reestablecerá las rutas de caravanas, lo que hará prospera a la región oriental de la actual Mauritania. Esta situación cambiara con la llegada de los europeos que desviarán el comercio hacia la costa. La región tendrá influencia portuguesa, española, neerlandesa, francesa y británica. En tiempos de la conferencia de Viena la región era controlada por Gran Bretaña. Francia recuperaría el control en 1815 cuando se le adjudicaría la región en la conferencia de Viena. La colonia de Mauritania duró solo dos generaciones, de 1904 a 1960. Los franceses intentaron abolir la esclavitud en 1905, pero con un éxito muy limitado.​ La independencia de Mauritania se otorgó en 1960, luego de un referéndum de 1958 durante la Quinta República Francesa. Precolonial Mauritania, lying next to the Atlantic coast at the western edge of the Sahara Desert, received and assimilated into its complex society many waves of Saharan migrants and conquerors. Plinius wrote that the area north of the river Senegal was populated, during Augustus times, by the Pharusii and Perorsi Berbers moved south to Mauritania beginning in the 3rd century, followed by Arabs in the 8th century, subjugating and assimilating Mauritania's original inhabitants. The Umayyads were the first Arab Muslims to enter Mauritania. During the Islamic conquests, they made incursions into Mauritania and were present in the region by the end of the 7th century. Many Berber tribes in Mauritania fled the arrival of the Arabs to the Gao region in Mali. From the 15th century, there was also limited European trading activity, mostly in gum arabic. The tensions between the tribal Berber groups which had established themselves before the arrival of Islam, and the Arabized and Muslim Beni Hassan came to a head in the Char Bouba war of 1644 to 1674. The resulting victory of the Beni Hassan sealed the fate of Mauritania as an Arabized Muslim territory, the last part of Africa to be acquired into the Muslim World before the Muslim expansion was checked by the European Scramble for Africa in the 19th century. There was French presence at the Senegal River from the 17th century, and by 1840, Senegal became a permanent French possession. The colonisation of Mauritania was an expansion of the area of French control over Senegal, beginning in the form of punitive expeditions against the Maures. The colonial period of Mauritania lasted for a mere two generations, from 1904 to 1960.The French authorities had difficulty in maintaining order in view of the numerous and complicated conflicts among the area's numerous factions and sub-factions. They attempted to abolish slavery in 1905, but with very limited success. Mauritanian independence was granted in 1960, following a 1958 referendum under the French Fifth Republic.
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