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- Trees and forests play multiple roles in J. R. R. Tolkien's fantasy world of Middle-earth, some such as Old Man Willow indeed serving as characters in the plot. Both for Tolkien personally, and in his Middle-earth writings, caring about trees really mattered. Indeed, the Tolkien scholar Matthew Dickerson wrote "It would be difficult to overestimate the importance of trees in the writings of J. R. R. Tolkien." Tolkien stated that primeval human understanding was communion with other living things; critics note that Middle-earth was set in the distant past, when primeval forests still existed. Forests play varying roles in his books. In The Hobbit, Mirkwood is the dark forbidding forest of fairy tale. In The Lord of the Rings, forests are more complex; some trees are woken up by the Elves, while others are going bad. Fangorn Forest is the realm of Treebeard, a tree-giant or Ent, who herds trees including the Huorns which are halfway between Ents and trees, either becoming animated or reverting to becoming treelike. Some specific kinds of tree are important in Tolkien's stories, such as the tall Mallorn trees at the heart of Lothlórien. In Tom Bombadil's Old Forest, Old Man Willow is a malign and fallen tree-spirit of great age, controlling much of the forest. Early in the creation, the Two Trees of Valinor, one silver, one gold, gave light to the paradisiacal realm of Valinor. Commentators have written that trees gave Tolkien a way of expressing his eco-criticism, opposed to damaging industrialisation. (en)
- 树木和森林在J.R.R. 托尔金的奇幻中土世界里常常有多重身份意义，有些甚至可以充当推动情节发展的角色，例如老柳头。无论是托尔金自己，还是他的中土故事著作，爱护树木都是非常重要的主题。实则， 托尔金研究学者马修·迪克森写道：“在托尔金的著作中，很难说高估了树木的重要性。 托尔金认为原始人类的理解即是与其他生物的交流；评论家指出中土世界的故事发生在遥远的过去，那时候原始森林依旧存在。在他的著作中，森林扮演着不同的角色。森林在他的书中扮演着不同的角色。在《霍比特人》中，幽暗密林是童话故事中的黑暗禁林。在《指环王》中，森林则更为复杂；一些树木由精灵唤醒，另一些树木则变坏了。 法贡森林是树胡的领地，他是一位树巨人或者说树人，可以召唤介于树木和树人之间的转变中的胡恩们。 一些特殊种类的树木在托尔金的故事里意义非凡，比如在黄金森林罗斯洛立安的心脏地带有高大的梅隆树。在汤姆·邦巴迪尔的旧森林中，老柳头是一个年岁悠久、性情邪恶的树精，掌控森林的很多树木。在创作初期，双圣树，一半是银树，一半是金树，为乐园之境的维林诺带来光芒。 评论家论述道，托尔金借树木表达他的生态批评主义，而不是破坏工业化。 (zh)
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