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The South African Wars, including and commonly referred to as the Confederation Wars, were a series of wars that occurred in the southern portion of the African continent during the later years of the 19th century and the first years of the 20th century. Ethnic, political, and social tensions among European colonial powers, as well as increasing hostilities between these powers and indigenous Africans, led to open conflict in a series of wars and revolts between 1879 and 1915, which had lasting repercussions on the entire region. A key factor behind the growth of these tensions was the pursuit of commerce and resources, both by countries and individuals, especially following the discoveries of diamonds in the region in 1867 and gold in 1862.

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  • أدت التوترات العرقية والسياسية والاجتماعية بين قوى الاستعمار الأوروبية والأفارقة الأصليين والمستوطنين الإنجليز والهولنديين إلى نزاع مفتوح تجلى في سلسلة من الحروب والثورات التي نشبت بين عامي 1879 و1915 وتركت آثارًا ما تزال ظاهرة في كامل منطقة إفريقيا الجنوبية. كان السعي إلى تحقيق مكاسب الإمبراطورية التجارية إلى جانب المطامح الفردية، لا سيما بعد اكتشاف الألماس (1867) والذهب (1886)، من العوامل الرئيسية التي أفضت إلى هذه التطورات. عادةً ما تُدرَس الحروب العديدة لهذه الفترة كل على حدة، على اعتبارها نزاعات مستقلة عن بعضها البعض. وتتضمن كلًا من حربي الأنجلو بوير الأولى والثانية، والحرب الإنجليزية الزولوية، والحرب الإنجليزية البيدية، وحرب أسلحة الباسوتو، وحرب الجبهة التاسعة، وغيرها. إلا أنه من البنّاء أيضًا أن تُرى هذه الحروب على أنها انفجارات ضمن موجة تغيير ونزاع كانت أكبر بكثير وأثرت في كامل شبه القارة: بدأت بـ«حروب الاتحاد الكونفدرالي» في سبعينيات وثمانينيات القرن التاسع عشر، ثم تصاعدت مع صعود سيسل رودس والكفاح للسيطرة على موارد الذهب والألماس، ليؤدي كل ذلك إلى نشوب حرب الأنجلو بوير الثانية واتحاد جنوب إفريقيا في عام 1910. (ar)
  • The South African Wars, including and commonly referred to as the Confederation Wars, were a series of wars that occurred in the southern portion of the African continent during the later years of the 19th century and the first years of the 20th century. Ethnic, political, and social tensions among European colonial powers, as well as increasing hostilities between these powers and indigenous Africans, led to open conflict in a series of wars and revolts between 1879 and 1915, which had lasting repercussions on the entire region. A key factor behind the growth of these tensions was the pursuit of commerce and resources, both by countries and individuals, especially following the discoveries of diamonds in the region in 1867 and gold in 1862. While conflicts such as the First and Second Boer Wars, the Anglo-Zulu War, the Sekhukhune Wars, the Basotho Gun War, the Xhosa Wars, and other concurrent conflicts are typically considered as separate conflicts, they have also been viewed as outbreaks in a far larger continuous wave of change and conflict in the region, beginning with the Confederation Wars of the 1870s and 80s, escalating with the rise of Cecil Rhodes and the struggle for control of southern Africa's gold and diamonds and more, and leading up to the Second Anglo-Boer War and the establishment of the Union of South Africa in 1910. (en)
  • As chamadas Guerras sul-africanas, ocorreram por uma variedade de motivos: tensões étnicas, políticas e sociais entre as potências coloniais europeias, africanos indígenas e colonos ingleses e holandeses levaram a um conflito aberto em uma série de guerras e revoltas entre 1879 e 1915 que teriam repercussões duradouras em toda a região da África Austral. A busca de um império comercial, bem como as aspirações individuais, especialmente após a descoberta de diamantes (1867) e ouro (1886), foram os principais fatores que impulsionaram esses eventos. As várias guerras desta época são geralmente estudadas separadamente, como conflitos independentes. Eles incluem a primeira e a segunda Guerra Anglo-Boer, a Guerra Anglo-Zulu, as Guerras Sekhukhune, a Guerra Basotho com Armas, a 9ª Guerra da Fronteira e outras. No entanto, é instrutivo também vê-los como erupções em uma onda muito maior de mudanças e conflitos que afetam o subcontinente - começando com as "Guerras das Confederações" das décadas de 1870 e 80; aumentando com a ascensão de Cecil Rhodes e a luta pelo controle dos recursos de ouro e diamantes; e levando à Segunda Guerra Anglo-Boer e à União Sul-Africana em 1910. (pt)
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  • أدت التوترات العرقية والسياسية والاجتماعية بين قوى الاستعمار الأوروبية والأفارقة الأصليين والمستوطنين الإنجليز والهولنديين إلى نزاع مفتوح تجلى في سلسلة من الحروب والثورات التي نشبت بين عامي 1879 و1915 وتركت آثارًا ما تزال ظاهرة في كامل منطقة إفريقيا الجنوبية. كان السعي إلى تحقيق مكاسب الإمبراطورية التجارية إلى جانب المطامح الفردية، لا سيما بعد اكتشاف الألماس (1867) والذهب (1886)، من العوامل الرئيسية التي أفضت إلى هذه التطورات. (ar)
  • The South African Wars, including and commonly referred to as the Confederation Wars, were a series of wars that occurred in the southern portion of the African continent during the later years of the 19th century and the first years of the 20th century. Ethnic, political, and social tensions among European colonial powers, as well as increasing hostilities between these powers and indigenous Africans, led to open conflict in a series of wars and revolts between 1879 and 1915, which had lasting repercussions on the entire region. A key factor behind the growth of these tensions was the pursuit of commerce and resources, both by countries and individuals, especially following the discoveries of diamonds in the region in 1867 and gold in 1862. (en)
  • As chamadas Guerras sul-africanas, ocorreram por uma variedade de motivos: tensões étnicas, políticas e sociais entre as potências coloniais europeias, africanos indígenas e colonos ingleses e holandeses levaram a um conflito aberto em uma série de guerras e revoltas entre 1879 e 1915 que teriam repercussões duradouras em toda a região da África Austral. A busca de um império comercial, bem como as aspirações individuais, especialmente após a descoberta de diamantes (1867) e ouro (1886), foram os principais fatores que impulsionaram esses eventos. (pt)
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  • حروب جنوب أفريقيا (1879-1915) (ar)
  • South African Wars (1879–1915) (en)
  • Guerras sul-africanas (1879–1915) (pt)
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