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- The German navies—specifically the Kaiserliche Marine, Reichsmarine, and Kriegsmarine—built a series of light cruisers between the 1890s and 1940s. The authorization for a major construction program for light cruisers came in the 1898 Naval Law, which ordered the acquisition of thirty vessels of the type. The first such class of light cruiser, the Gazelle class, was based on several intermediate designs of unprotected cruisers, such as the Bussard class, and avisos—dispatch boats—like SMS Hela. The ten members of the Gazelle class set the basic parameters for all later light cruisers of the Kaiserliche Marine. Over the following two decades, the Germans built a further thirty-seven light cruisers; these vessels slowly grew in size, speed, armament, and armor. The original 10.5 cm (4.1 in) SK L/40 gun was replaced by the more advanced L/45 model in the Kolberg class, and it was in turn superseded by the more powerful 15 cm (5.9 in) SK L/45 gun in the Pillau class. A waterline armored belt was introduced in the Magdeburg class, which significantly improved the ships' defensive qualities. These forty-seven cruisers all saw action across the globe in World War I; the bulk served with the German fleets in the North and Baltic Seas, though several served on foreign stations, typically as commerce raiders. Sixteen cruisers were lost during the war to causes ranging from enemy submarines and naval mines to combat with hostile cruiser squadrons. Most of the survivors were either scuttled in Scapa Flow in June 1919 or seized by the various Allied governments as war prizes following Germany's defeat. Several of these were commissioned into their fleets: Italy received three cruisers and France took four. Germany was permitted to retain eight of the oldest cruisers; of these, five continued to serve in secondary roles into World War II. The Treaty of Versailles allowed Germany to replace these old cruisers, and the first such new vessel, Emden, was built in the early 1920s to a design based on the last wartime classes. A new approach was taken in the five members of the succeeding Königsberg and Leipzig classes with triple gun turrets and hybrid diesel/turbine propulsion systems. A further six ships of the M class were planned in the late 1930s, but the outbreak of war forced their cancellation. The six cruisers of the Emden, Königsberg, and Leipzig classes all served in World War II, and only one—Nürnberg—survived the war intact. Two were sunk during the invasion of Norway and the remaining three vessels were destroyed by Allied bombers in the final months of the war. Nürnberg, the last cruiser completed by Germany, was seized by the Soviet Union and commissioned as Admiral Makarov, serving until the late 1950s. (en)
- 1890年代至1940年代，德国海军——确切说是德意志帝国海军、魏玛国家海军和纳粹德国海军——建造一系列轻巡洋舰。1898年颁布的《海军法》批准一个建造轻巡洋舰的重大计划，该法规划30艘轻巡洋舰。第一批轻巡洋舰是瞪羚级，是基于几种无防护巡洋舰，如美洲鹰级以及通報艦，如赫拉号的过渡设计方案演进而来。瞪羚级的10艘舰只设计和建造方案也为后来几乎所有的德意志帝国海军轻巡洋舰奠定基本架构。在接下来的20年里，德国海军又陆续建造37艘轻巡洋舰。这些舰只的尺寸、速度、武器装备和装甲都在逐渐提升。最初装备的被科尔堡级上更先进的L/45型所取代，之后又被皮劳级上装备的更强大的所取代。防护能力方面，马格德堡级首次引进水线装甲带，大大提高舰只的防护能力。 这47艘轻巡洋舰在第一次世界大战期间在全球各地参与作战，其中大部分跟随德国海军舰队一起在北海和波罗的海海域活动，虽然有几艘在海外的军事基地服役，通常执行商业交通破坏作战。16艘轻巡洋舰在战争中因遭遇敌方潜艇、水雷或巡洋舰分舰队的攻击而损失。大多数残存舰只部分于1919年6月在斯卡帕湾自沉，其余在德国战败后被多个协约国当作战利品瓜分。其中几艘更被重新编入协约国的舰队。这当中意大利海军分到三艘，法国海军则得到四艘。德国海军仅被允许保留8艘最旧的巡洋舰，其中5艘在第二次世界大战中还继续担任次要角色。 《凡尔赛条约》允许德国海军更替那些一战留下来的旧巡洋舰，第一艘以新方案建造的轻巡洋舰埃姆登号开建于1920年代早期。其设计依然基于一战后期的思路。柯尼斯堡级和莱比锡级5艘舰只开始采用三联装炮塔和柴油、涡轮混合推进系统的新一代设计方案。1930年代后期，又有6艘M级计划建造，但是战争的爆发迫使她们被取消。埃姆登号、柯尼斯堡级和莱比锡级的六艘轻巡洋舰都曾在二战中服役。其中两艘在入侵挪威期间被击沉，三艘在战争的最后几个月被盟军轰炸机摧毁，只有一艘在二战后幸存下来。纽伦堡号是德国最后一艘完工的巡洋舰，战后被引渡给苏联，并被更名为马卡洛夫海军上将号（俄語：Адмирал Макаров），继续服役至1950年代末。 (zh)
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- The German navies—specifically the Kaiserliche Marine, Reichsmarine, and Kriegsmarine—built a series of light cruisers between the 1890s and 1940s. The authorization for a major construction program for light cruisers came in the 1898 Naval Law, which ordered the acquisition of thirty vessels of the type. The first such class of light cruiser, the Gazelle class, was based on several intermediate designs of unprotected cruisers, such as the Bussard class, and avisos—dispatch boats—like SMS Hela. The ten members of the Gazelle class set the basic parameters for all later light cruisers of the Kaiserliche Marine. Over the following two decades, the Germans built a further thirty-seven light cruisers; these vessels slowly grew in size, speed, armament, and armor. The original 10.5 cm (4.1 in (en)
- 1890年代至1940年代，德国海军——确切说是德意志帝国海军、魏玛国家海军和纳粹德国海军——建造一系列轻巡洋舰。1898年颁布的《海军法》批准一个建造轻巡洋舰的重大计划，该法规划30艘轻巡洋舰。第一批轻巡洋舰是瞪羚级，是基于几种无防护巡洋舰，如美洲鹰级以及通報艦，如赫拉号的过渡设计方案演进而来。瞪羚级的10艘舰只设计和建造方案也为后来几乎所有的德意志帝国海军轻巡洋舰奠定基本架构。在接下来的20年里，德国海军又陆续建造37艘轻巡洋舰。这些舰只的尺寸、速度、武器装备和装甲都在逐渐提升。最初装备的被科尔堡级上更先进的L/45型所取代，之后又被皮劳级上装备的更强大的所取代。防护能力方面，马格德堡级首次引进水线装甲带，大大提高舰只的防护能力。 这47艘轻巡洋舰在第一次世界大战期间在全球各地参与作战，其中大部分跟随德国海军舰队一起在北海和波罗的海海域活动，虽然有几艘在海外的军事基地服役，通常执行商业交通破坏作战。16艘轻巡洋舰在战争中因遭遇敌方潜艇、水雷或巡洋舰分舰队的攻击而损失。大多数残存舰只部分于1919年6月在斯卡帕湾自沉，其余在德国战败后被多个协约国当作战利品瓜分。其中几艘更被重新编入协约国的舰队。这当中意大利海军分到三艘，法国海军则得到四艘。德国海军仅被允许保留8艘最旧的巡洋舰，其中5艘在第二次世界大战中还继续担任次要角色。 (zh)
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