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The inception of Darwin's theory occurred during an intensively busy period which began when Charles Darwin returned from the survey voyage of the Beagle, with his reputation as a fossil collector and geologist already established. He was given an allowance from his father to become a gentleman naturalist rather than a clergyman, and his first tasks were to find suitable experts to describe his collections, write out his Journal and Remarks, and present papers on his findings to the Geological Society of London.

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  • بدأت نظرية التطور خلال فترة نشطة للغاية من حياة تشارلز داروين عندما عاد من رحلة بيجل المخصصة للمسح، حين كان مشهورًا كجامع أحافير وعالم جيولوجيا. حصل داروين على تمويل من والده ليصبح عالمًا طبيعيًا نبيلًا بدلًا من رجل دين، كانت مهمة الأولى بعد عودته هي العثور على خبراء مناسبين لوصف مجموعاته الأحفورية، وكتابة كتاب رحلة البيجل، وكتابة أوراق بحثية عن النتائج التي توصل إليها لصالح الجمعية الجيولوجية في لندن. في بداية مسيرة داروين الجيولوجية، أظهرت تقارير الحفريات لعالم التشريح ريتشارد أوين أن الأنواع المنقرضة مرتبطة بالأنواع الحالية في نفس المنطقة، وأظهر عالم الطيور جون جولد أن عينات طيور جزر غالاباغوس كانت من أنواع متميزة مرتبطة بأماكن معينة، وليس فقط بأصناف. أقنعت هذه الملاحظات داروين بأن تطفر الأنواع يجب أن يحدث، وقد دوّن أفكاره التطورية الأولى في دفتر ملاحظاته الأحمر. بدأ بكتابة ملاحظاته في دفاتر عن التطفر إذ دوّن تكهناته حول تباين النسل «لتكييف وتغيير الأعراق وصولًا إلى عالم مختلف»، ورسم «تفرعات غير منتظمة» عن الأنساب لشجرة تطورية واحدة. أظهرت دراسات إنسان الغاب (الأورانجوتان) في حديقة الحيوان طبيعة تعابير الإنسان، مؤكدةً أفكار داروين من رحلة البيجل حول ووجود فجوة صغيرة بين الإنسان والحيوان. قام داروين بدراسة تربية الحيوانات ووجد أوجه تشابه بينها وبين الطبيعة حيث يجري إزالة الصفات السيئة والحفاظ على الصفات الملائمة، إذ يختار المزارعون عمدًا صفات الكائنات التي يربونها ما يؤدي لتغيير الصفات بدرجة كبيرة بعد «ألف شكل وسيط». تشير تكهنات داروين حول الغرائز والسمات العقلية إلى حدوث تطور في العادات والمعتقدات وتعبيرات الوجه، كما درس الآثار الاجتماعية لذلك. بينما كانت دراسة التطور هي «هوايته الرئيسية»، كان يعاني من عبء عمل هائل وبدأ يعاني من المرض. بعد أن أخذ استراحة من العمل، بدأ بالتفكير بالزواج من ابنة عمه إيما ويدجوود. بعد قراءته لمؤلفات مالتوس والقانون الطبيعي، بدأ بتطبيق منطق مالتوس في أبحاثه عن التفكير الاجتماعي للنضال من أجل البقاء بدون مساعدة، وخرج «أخيرًا بنظرية يمكنه العمل عليها». عرض الزواج على إيما، وقبلته. في نظريته، قارن بين اختيار المربين للصفات والاصطفاء الطبيعي للسمات التي تظهر عن طريق «الصدفة»، واستمر في تفحص الريف لجمع المزيد من المعلومات الداعمة. في 24 يناير 1839، انتُخب عضواَ في الجمعية الملكية، وتزوج إيما في 29 يناير. تبع ذلك نظريته عن التطور. (ar)
  • The inception of Darwin's theory occurred during an intensively busy period which began when Charles Darwin returned from the survey voyage of the Beagle, with his reputation as a fossil collector and geologist already established. He was given an allowance from his father to become a gentleman naturalist rather than a clergyman, and his first tasks were to find suitable experts to describe his collections, write out his Journal and Remarks, and present papers on his findings to the Geological Society of London. At Darwin's geological début, the anatomist Richard Owen's reports on the fossils showed that extinct species were related to current species in the same locality, and the ornithologist John Gould showed that bird specimens from the Galápagos Islands were of distinct species related to places, not just varieties. These points convinced Darwin that transmutation of species must be occurring, and in his Red Notebook he jotted down his first evolutionary ideas. He began specific transmutation notebooks with speculations on variation in offspring "to adapt & alter the race to changing world", and sketched an "irregularly branched" genealogical branching of a single evolutionary tree. Animal observations of an orangutan at the zoo showed how human its expressions looked, confirming his thoughts from the Beagle voyage that there was little gulf between man and animals. He investigated animal breeding and found parallels to nature removing runts and keeping the fit, with farmers deliberately selecting breeding animals so that through "a thousand intermediate forms" their descendants were significantly changed. His speculations on instincts and mental traits suggested habits, beliefs and facial expressions having evolved, and considered the social implications. While this was his "prime hobby", he was struggling with an immense workload and began suffering from his illness. Having taken a break from work, his thoughts of marriage turned to his cousin Emma Wedgwood. Reading about Malthus and natural law led him to apply to his search the Malthusian logic of social thinking of struggle for survival with no handouts, and he "had at last got a theory by which to work". He proposed to Emma, and was accepted. In his theory, he compared breeders selecting traits to natural selection from variants thrown up by "chance", and continued to look to the countryside for supporting information. On 24 January 1839 he was elected as Fellow of the Royal Society, and on the 29th married Emma. The development of Darwin's theory followed. (en)
  • A concepção da teoria de Darwin ocorreu durante um período de actividade intenso que começou quando Charles Darwin regressou da , com a sua reputação como coleccionador de fósseis e geólogo já estabelecida. O seu pai deu-lhe dinheiro para se tornar um naturalista invés de um clérigo, e as suas primeiras tarefas foram encontrar peritos adequados para descrever as suas colecções, escrever o diário A Viagem do Beagle, e apresentar artigos sobre as suas descobertas na Sociedade Geológica de Londres. Durante a estreia geológica de Darwin, o relatório do anatomista Richard Owen sobre os fósseis mostrou que espécies extintas estavam relacionadas com espécies actuais na mesma localidade, e o ornitólogo John Gould mostrou que espécimes de aves das Ilhas Galápagos eram espécies distintas relacionadas com lugares, não apenas variedades. Estes pontos convenceram Darwin que a tinha de estar a ocorrer, e no seu Caderno Vermelho ele anotou as suas primeiras ideias evolutivas. Ele começou cadernos especificamente sobre transmutação com especulações sobre variação nos descendentes "para adaptar e alterar a raça num mundo em mudança", e esquematizou uma única com ramos genealógicos "ramificados irregularmente". Observações de um orangotango num zoo mostrou como as suas expressões parecem humanas, confirmando as suas ideias durante a viagem do Beagle que o fosso entre homens e animais era pequeno. Ele investigou o cruzamento de animais e encontrou paralelo entre a natureza removendo os mais fracos e mantendo os mais aptos, com os agricultores a fazer cruzamentos selectivos deliberadamente para, através de "um milhar de formas intermediárias", os seus descendentes serem significativamente mudados. As suas especulações sobre instintos e características mentais sugeriram que hábitos, crenças, expressões faciais e até o "amor à divindade" tinham evoluido, e considerou as implicações sociais. Enquanto que este era o seu "passatempo principal", ele andava atrapalhado com imenso trabalho e começava a sofrer por causa da . Ao tomar uma pausa do trabalho, os seus pensamentos de casamento voltaram-se para a sua prima Emma Wedgewood. As suas leituras de Malthus e leis naturais levaram-no a aplicar a sua busca pelas leis do Criador a lógica Malthusiana do pensamento social em relação à luta pela sobrevivência sem compromissos, e ele "tinha finalmente uma teoria com que trabalhar". Ele pediu Emma em casamento, e foi aceite. Na sua teoria ele comparou criadores a seleccionar características à selecção natural a partir de variantes que surgiam por "acaso", e continuou a procurar informação que o suportasse no campo. Em 24 de Janeiro de 1839 ele foi escolhido para ser fellow(membro) da Royal Society, e no dia 29 casou com Emma. O desenvolvimento da teoria de Darwin seguiu-se. (pt)
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  • بدأت نظرية التطور خلال فترة نشطة للغاية من حياة تشارلز داروين عندما عاد من رحلة بيجل المخصصة للمسح، حين كان مشهورًا كجامع أحافير وعالم جيولوجيا. حصل داروين على تمويل من والده ليصبح عالمًا طبيعيًا نبيلًا بدلًا من رجل دين، كانت مهمة الأولى بعد عودته هي العثور على خبراء مناسبين لوصف مجموعاته الأحفورية، وكتابة كتاب رحلة البيجل، وكتابة أوراق بحثية عن النتائج التي توصل إليها لصالح الجمعية الجيولوجية في لندن. (ar)
  • The inception of Darwin's theory occurred during an intensively busy period which began when Charles Darwin returned from the survey voyage of the Beagle, with his reputation as a fossil collector and geologist already established. He was given an allowance from his father to become a gentleman naturalist rather than a clergyman, and his first tasks were to find suitable experts to describe his collections, write out his Journal and Remarks, and present papers on his findings to the Geological Society of London. (en)
  • A concepção da teoria de Darwin ocorreu durante um período de actividade intenso que começou quando Charles Darwin regressou da , com a sua reputação como coleccionador de fósseis e geólogo já estabelecida. O seu pai deu-lhe dinheiro para se tornar um naturalista invés de um clérigo, e as suas primeiras tarefas foram encontrar peritos adequados para descrever as suas colecções, escrever o diário A Viagem do Beagle, e apresentar artigos sobre as suas descobertas na Sociedade Geológica de Londres. (pt)
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  • نشأة نظرية داروين (ar)
  • Inception of Darwin's theory (en)
  • Concepção da teoria de Darwin (pt)
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