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The Tongan archipelago has been inhabited for perhaps 3000 years, since settlement in late Lapita times. The culture of its inhabitants has surely changed greatly over this long time period. Before the arrival of European explorers in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, the Tongans were in frequent contact with their nearest Oceanic neighbors, Fiji and Samoa. In the 19th century, with the arrival of Western traders and missionaries, Tongan culture changed dramatically. Some old beliefs and habits were thrown away and others adopted. Some accommodations made in the 19th century and early 20th century are now being challenged by changing Western civilization. Hence Tongan culture is far from a unified or monolithic affair, and Tongans themselves may differ strongly as to what it is "Tong

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  • The Tongan archipelago has been inhabited for perhaps 3000 years, since settlement in late Lapita times. The culture of its inhabitants has surely changed greatly over this long time period. Before the arrival of European explorers in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, the Tongans were in frequent contact with their nearest Oceanic neighbors, Fiji and Samoa. In the 19th century, with the arrival of Western traders and missionaries, Tongan culture changed dramatically. Some old beliefs and habits were thrown away and others adopted. Some accommodations made in the 19th century and early 20th century are now being challenged by changing Western civilization. Hence Tongan culture is far from a unified or monolithic affair, and Tongans themselves may differ strongly as to what it is "Tongan" to do, or not do. Contemporary Tongans often have strong ties to overseas lands. They may have been migrant workers in New Zealand, or have lived and traveled in New Zealand, Australia, or the United States. Many Tongans now live overseas, in a Tongan diaspora, and send home remittances to family members (often aged) who prefer to remain in Tonga. Tongans themselves often have to operate in two different contexts, which they often call anga fakatonga, the traditional Tongan way, and anga fakapālangi, the Western way. A culturally adept Tongan learns both sets of rules and when to switch between them. Any description of Tongan culture that limits itself to what Tongans see as anga fakatonga would give a seriously distorted view of what people actually do, in Tonga, or in diaspora, because accommodations are so often made to anga fakapālangi. The following account tries to give both the idealized and the on-the-ground versions of Tongan culture. (en)
  • La cultura de Tonga se ha desarrollado a partir de su inmersión en los archipiélagos del Pacífico y el frecuente intercambio de nativos que en él se dio. El archipiélago de Tonga ha estado habitado desde hace unos 3000 años, por lo menos desde que se produjeron los asentamientos en la época de los Lapita. Seguramente la cultura de sus habitantes ha cambiado en gran medida durante este extenso período de tiempo. Antes de la llegada de los exploradores europeos a finales del siglo XVII y comienzos del Siglo XVIII, los tongos estaban en contacto frecuente con sus vecinos de Oceanía, Fiyi y Samoa. En el siglo XIX, con el arribo de comerciantes occidentales y misioneros, la cultura de Tonga cambió en forma dramática. Algunas antiguas creencias y hábitos fueron dejados de lado y otros fueron adoptados. Algunos ajustes realizados durante el siglo XIX y comienzos del XX son puestos a prueba por una civilización occidental que se encuentra en constante cambio. Por lo tanto la cultura de Tonga se encuentra lejos de ser algo monolítico o uniforme, y los mismos habitantes de Tonga pueden tener opiniones muy distintas sobre que es lo que son elementos representativos de la cultura de Tonga. Los habitantes contemporáneos de Tonga a menudo poseen fuertes lazos con territorios extranjeros. Es posible que hayan sido trabajadores inmigrantes en Nueva Zelanda, o hayan vivido y viajado por Nueva Zelanda, Australia, o los Estados Unidos. Numerosos nativos de Tonga actualmente viven en el extranjero, en una diáspora, y envían dinero para apoyar a sus familiares (a menudo ancianos) que prefieren permanecer en Tonga. Los nativos a Tonga a menudo se comportan de acuerdo a dos contextos diferentes, los cuales denominan anga fakatonga, el modo tradicional de Tonga, y anga fakapālangi, el modo occidental. Alguien conocedor de la cultura de Tonga conoce ambos grupos de comportamiento y cuando es apropiado utilizar cada uno. (es)
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  • The Tongan archipelago has been inhabited for perhaps 3000 years, since settlement in late Lapita times. The culture of its inhabitants has surely changed greatly over this long time period. Before the arrival of European explorers in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, the Tongans were in frequent contact with their nearest Oceanic neighbors, Fiji and Samoa. In the 19th century, with the arrival of Western traders and missionaries, Tongan culture changed dramatically. Some old beliefs and habits were thrown away and others adopted. Some accommodations made in the 19th century and early 20th century are now being challenged by changing Western civilization. Hence Tongan culture is far from a unified or monolithic affair, and Tongans themselves may differ strongly as to what it is "Tong (en)
  • La cultura de Tonga se ha desarrollado a partir de su inmersión en los archipiélagos del Pacífico y el frecuente intercambio de nativos que en él se dio. El archipiélago de Tonga ha estado habitado desde hace unos 3000 años, por lo menos desde que se produjeron los asentamientos en la época de los Lapita. Seguramente la cultura de sus habitantes ha cambiado en gran medida durante este extenso período de tiempo. Antes de la llegada de los exploradores europeos a finales del siglo XVII y comienzos del Siglo XVIII, los tongos estaban en contacto frecuente con sus vecinos de Oceanía, Fiyi y Samoa. (es)
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  • Cultura de Tonga (es)
  • Culture of Tonga (en)
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