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Paquistão e as armas de destruição em massa Arsenal nucléaire du Pakistan Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction Armas de destrucción masiva en Pakistán Pakistan dan senjata pemusnah massal باكستان وأسلحة الدمار الشامل Ядерная программа Пакистана
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Paquistão começou a se concentrar no desenvolvimento de armas nucleares em janeiro de 1972, sob a liderança do primeiro-ministro Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, que delegou o programa ao presidente da . Em 1976, Abdul Qadir Khan também se juntou ao programa de armas nucleares, e, com , chefiou o , enquanto o resto do programa que estava sendo executada pela PAEC e incluindo mais de 20 laboratórios e projetos foi chefiada pelo engenheiro nuclear, Munir Ahmad Khan. Este programa iria chegar aos frutos do governo do presidente general Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, o então chefe do Estado-Maior. Desenvolvimento de armas nucleares do Paquistão foi em resposta a vizinha, Índia e seu desenvolvimento de armas nucleares. Bhutto convocou uma reunião de altos cientistas e engenheiros acadêmicos em 20 de janeiro de 1972 Pakistan is one of nine states to possess nuclear weapons. Pakistan began development of nuclear weapons in January 1972 under Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, who delegated the program to the Chairman of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) Munir Ahmad Khan with a commitment to having the device ready by the end of 1976. Since PAEC, which consisted of over twenty laboratories and projects under reactor physicist Munir Ahmad Khan, was falling behind schedule and having considerable difficulty producing fissile material, Abdul Qadeer Khan, a metallurgist working on centrifuge enrichment for Urenco, joined the program at the behest of the Bhutto administration by the end of 1974. As pointed out by Houston Wood, "The most difficult step in building a nuclear weapon is the productio Во время конфликтов, которые привели к индо-пакистанской войне 1965 года, Зульфикар Али Бхутто (тогда министр иностранных дел) заявил: Если Индия создаст свою атомную бомбу, значит, и нам придётся сделать свою, даже если ради этого нам придётся сидеть на хлебе и воде или вовсе умирать от голода. Бомба есть у христиан, у иудеев, а теперь ещё и у индуистов. Почему бы и мусульманам не обзавестись своей? La République islamique du Pakistan est le 7e pays du monde à réussir à développer et tester des armes nucléaires. Ses capacités ne sont pas rendues publiques, conduisant à des estimations allant du simple au double. Ainsi, en 2013, une source indique que les forces armées pakistanaises posséderaient de 300 à 350 ogives nucléaires contre une cinquantaine en 2007 alors que le SIPRI estime en 2017 son arsenal de 250 à 300 ogives, largement supérieure à celui de l’Inde. Le Pakistan n'est pas signataire du traité sur la non-prolifération des armes nucléaires (TNP). Pakistán es uno de los nueve estados que posee armas nucleares. Pakistán comenzó el desarrollo de armas nucleares en enero de 1972 bajo el mandato del primer ministro Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, quien delegó el programa al presidente de la Comisión de Energía Atómica de Pakistán (PAEC), Munir Ahmad Khan, con el compromiso de tener una bomba lista para fines de 1976.​ ​ ​ Dado que la PAEC, que consta de más de veinte laboratorios y proyectos bajo el ingeniero nuclear Munir Ahmad Khan,​ estaba retrasando y tenía considerables dificultades para producir material fisible, Bhutto trajo de Europa a Abdul Qadeer Khan a finales de 1974. Como señaló Houston Wood, "el paso más difícil en la construcción de un arma nuclear es la producción de material fisionable";​ ​ como tal, este trabajo en la producción باكستان هي إحدى الدول التسعة التي تمتلك أسلحة نووية. شرعت باكستان في تطوير الأسلحة النووية في يناير 1972 في عهد رئيس الوزراء ذو الفقار علي بوتو الذي فوض إدارة البرنامج إلى منير أحمد خان -رئيس هيئة الطاقة الذرية في باكستان- مع التعهد بالانتهاء من تجهيز القنبلة النووية بحلول نهاية عام 1976. طلب بوتو من عبد القدير خان أن يغادر أوروبا متجهًا إلى باكستان في نهاية عام 1974 نظرًا إلى أن هيئة الطاقة الذرية (التي كانت تتألف من ما يزيد عن 20 مختبرًا ومشروعًا تحت إشراف مهندس القوة النووية منير أحمد خان) تأخرت عن الموعد المقرر وواجهت عدة صعوبات جسيمة في إنتاج المادة الانشطارية. وضح هوستون هود -بروفيسور هندسة الطيران والميكانيكا في جامعة فيرجينيا، تشارلوتسفيل- في مقالته عن أجهزة الطرد المركزي أن «أصعب خطوة في بناء الأسلحة النووية هي صناعة المادة الانشطارية». ولذا كان تطوير طريقة إنتاج المادة الانشطارية Pakistan adalah satu dari sembilan negara yang memiliki senjata nuklir. Pakistan memulai pengembangan senjata nuklir pada Januari 1972 di bawah Perdana Menteri Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, yang mendelegasikan program tersebut kepada Ketua Komisi Energi Atom Pakistan (PAEC) dengan komitmen untuk menyiapkan bom pada akhir 1976. Karena PAEC, yang terdiri atas lebih dari dua puluh laboratorium dan proyek di bawah insinyur nuklir , berjalan tidak sesuai jadwal dan mengalami kesulitan yang cukup besar dalam memproduksi bahan fisil, Abdul Qadeer Khan dibawa dari Eropa oleh Bhutto pada akhir 1974. Seperti yang ditunjukkan oleh Houston Wood, Profesor Teknik Mekanik & Dirgantara, Universitas Virginia, Charlottesville, dalam artikelnya tentang sentrifugal gas, "Langkah paling sulit dalam membangun senjata n
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Pakistán es uno de los nueve estados que posee armas nucleares. Pakistán comenzó el desarrollo de armas nucleares en enero de 1972 bajo el mandato del primer ministro Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, quien delegó el programa al presidente de la Comisión de Energía Atómica de Pakistán (PAEC), Munir Ahmad Khan, con el compromiso de tener una bomba lista para fines de 1976.​ ​ ​ Dado que la PAEC, que consta de más de veinte laboratorios y proyectos bajo el ingeniero nuclear Munir Ahmad Khan,​ estaba retrasando y tenía considerables dificultades para producir material fisible, Bhutto trajo de Europa a Abdul Qadeer Khan a finales de 1974. Como señaló Houston Wood, "el paso más difícil en la construcción de un arma nuclear es la producción de material fisionable";​ ​ como tal, este trabajo en la producción de material fisionable como jefe del Proyecto Kahuta fue fundamental para que Pakistán desarrollara la capacidad de detonar una bomba nuclear a fines de 1984.​ ​ El Proyecto Kahuta comenzó bajo la supervisión de una junta de coordinación que vigiló las actividades de los KRL y la PAEC. La Junta estaba integrada por A. G. N. Kazi (secretario general de finanzas), Ghulam Ishaq Khan (secretario general de defensa)​ y Agha Shahi (secretario general de asuntos exteriores), quienes reportaban directamente a Bhutto. Ghulam Ishaq Khan y el general Tikka Khan​ nombraron como ingeniero militar al general Ali Nawab para el programa. Finalmente, la supervisión pasó al teniente general Zahid Ali Akbar Khan en la administración del presidente general Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq. En abril de 1978 se logró un enriquecimiento moderado de uranio para la producción de material fisionable en los KRL.​ El desarrollo de armas nucleares de Pakistán fue en respuesta a la pérdida de Pakistán Oriental en 1971 en la Guerra de Liberación de Bangladés. Bhutto convocó una reunión de científicos e ingenieros superiores el 20 de enero de 1972 en Multan, que se conoció como "reunión de Multan".​ ​ Bhutto fue el arquitecto principal de este programa, y fue aquí donde Bhutto orquestó el programa de armas nucleares y reunió a los científicos académicos de Pakistán para construir una bomba atómica en tres años para la supervivencia nacional.​ En la reunión de Multan, Bhutto también nombró a Munir Ahmad Khan como presidente de la PAEC, quien hasta entonces se había desempeñado como director en la División de Energía Nuclear y Reactores del Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica (OIEA), en Viena, Austria. En diciembre de 1972, Abdus Salam dirigió el establecimiento del Grupo de Física Teórica (TPG) cuando llamó a los científicos que trabajaban en el ICTP para informar a Munir Ahmad Khan. Esto marcó el comienzo de la búsqueda de Pakistán de la capacidad de disuasión nuclear. Tras la sorpresiva prueba nuclear de India, cuyo nombre en código es Smiling Buddha en 1974, la primera prueba nuclear confirmada por una nación fuera de los cinco miembros permanentes del Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas, el objetivo de desarrollar armas nucleares recibió un ímpetu considerable.​ Finalmente, el 28 de mayo de 1998, pocas semanas después de la segunda prueba nuclear de la India (Operación Shakti), Pakistán detonó cinco dispositivos nucleares en las Colinas Ras Koh en el distrito de Chagai, Baluchistán. Esta operación fue nombrada Chagai-I por Pakistán, el túnel subterráneo de hierro y acero fue construido durante mucho tiempo por el administrador provincial de la ley marcial, el general Rahimuddin Khan, durante la década de 1980. La última prueba de Pakistán se llevó a cabo en el arenoso desierto de Kharan con el nombre en clave Chagai-II, también en Baluchistán, el 30 de mayo de 1998. La producción de material fisible de Pakistán se llevó a cabo en el Complejo Nuclear de Khushab, Nilore y Kahuta, donde se refina el plutonio apto para armas. Pakistán se convirtió así en el séptimo país del mundo en desarrollar y probar con éxito armas nucleares.​ Aunque, según una carta enviada por AQ Khan al general Zia, la capacidad de detonar una bomba nuclear utilizando uranio altamente enriquecido como material fisible producido en los KRL habría sido alcanzada en 1984.​​ باكستان هي إحدى الدول التسعة التي تمتلك أسلحة نووية. شرعت باكستان في تطوير الأسلحة النووية في يناير 1972 في عهد رئيس الوزراء ذو الفقار علي بوتو الذي فوض إدارة البرنامج إلى منير أحمد خان -رئيس هيئة الطاقة الذرية في باكستان- مع التعهد بالانتهاء من تجهيز القنبلة النووية بحلول نهاية عام 1976. طلب بوتو من عبد القدير خان أن يغادر أوروبا متجهًا إلى باكستان في نهاية عام 1974 نظرًا إلى أن هيئة الطاقة الذرية (التي كانت تتألف من ما يزيد عن 20 مختبرًا ومشروعًا تحت إشراف مهندس القوة النووية منير أحمد خان) تأخرت عن الموعد المقرر وواجهت عدة صعوبات جسيمة في إنتاج المادة الانشطارية. وضح هوستون هود -بروفيسور هندسة الطيران والميكانيكا في جامعة فيرجينيا، تشارلوتسفيل- في مقالته عن أجهزة الطرد المركزي أن «أصعب خطوة في بناء الأسلحة النووية هي صناعة المادة الانشطارية». ولذا كان تطوير طريقة إنتاج المادة الانشطارية في مشروع كهوتة للأسلحة النووية ذا أهمية محورية في تطوير قدرة باكستان على تفجير القنابل النووية بحلول نهاية عام 1984. بدأ العمل في مشروع كهوتة تحت إشراف لجنة تنسيق مسؤولة عن مراقبة نشاطات مختبرات كهوتة للأبحاث وهيئة الطاقة الذرية في باكستان. تألفت تلك اللجنة من: أفتاب غلام نبي قاضي (الأمين العام للنشاط المالي)، وغلام إسحاق خان (الأمين العام للدفاع)، وآغا شاهي (الأمين العام للعلاقات الخارجية)، وكُلفت تلك اللجنة بإرسال التقارير مباشرة إلى رئيس الوزراء. وقع اختيار غلام إسحاق خان والفريق تيكا خان على المهندس العسكري اللواء علي نواب لتوظيفه في المشروع. وفي النهاية انتقلت مهام الإشراف إلى الفريق زاهد علي أكبر خان في عهد الرئيس محمد ضياء الحق. نجح علماء مشروع كهوتة في تخصيب اليورانيوم بدرجة معتدلة لاستخدامه في إنتاج المادة الانشطارية بحلول أبريل 1978. بدأ مشروع تطوير الأسلحة النووية في باكستان كرد فعل على خسارة باكستان الشرقية في حرب الاستقلال البنغلاديشية في عام 1971. عقد بوتو اجتماعًا لكبار العلماء والمهندسين في 20 يناير 1972 في مدينة ملتان، والذي عُرف فيما بعد باجتماع ملتان. كان بوتو المنظم الرئيسي لهذا البرنامج، وفي هذا المكان بالتحديد دبر بوتو أمر برنامج الأسلحة النووية وجمع علماء باكستان الأكاديميين لبناء قنبلة نووية في غضون ثلاث سنوات بدعوى الحفاظ على بقاء الوطن. عين بوتو منير أحمد خان رئيسًا لهيئة الطاقة الذرية في نفس الاجتماع. كان خان يعمل في السابق مديرًا في قسم الطاقة النووية والمفاعلات التابع لهيئة الطاقة الذرية الدولية في فيينا، النمسا. وفي ديسمبر 1972 قاد محمد عبد السلام مهمة إنشاء جمعية الفيزياء النظرية، وطلب من علماء هيئة الطاقة الذرية الدولية أن يدلوا بإفاداتهم إلى منير أحمد خان مباشرةً. كان هذا الحدث إيذانًا ببدء سعي باكستان وراء الحصول على قدرات الردع النووي. عقب الاختبار النووي الهندي المفاجئ الذي يُرمز له باسم «بوذا المبتسم» في عام 1974 (وهو يُعد أول اختبار نووي تقوم به دولة خارج الأعضاء الدائمين الخمسة في مجلس الأمن)، حظى هدف تطوير الأسلحة النووية في باكستان بزخم هائل. نجحت باكستان أخيرًا في تفجير خمسة أسلحة نووية في 28 مايو 1998 في تلال رأس كوه الواقعة في مقاطعة جاغي، بلوشستان، وذلك بعد بضعة أسابيع من اختبار الأسلحة النووية الثاني في الهند (عملية شاتكي). أطلقت باكستان على هذه العملية اسم «جاغي 1». بُنيت أنفاق الحديد الصلب تحت الأرض منذ زمن طويل على يد مسؤول الأحكام العرفية في إقليم بلوشستان، الفريق رحيم الدين خان في العقد 1980. وقعت آخر تجربة نووية قامت بها باكستان في صحراء خاران الرملية في بلوشستان، في 30 مايو 1998، ويُرمز إليها باسم «جاغي 2». تقع أماكن إنتاج المادة الانشطارية في باكستان في كلٍ من نيلور، وكهوتة، والمجمع الصناعي النووي في مقاطعة خوشاب حيث تنتج باكستان بلوتونيوم صالحًا لصنع الأسلحة. وبذلك تكون باكستان سابع دولة في العالم تنجح في تطوير واختبار الأسلحة النووية. على الرغم من ذلك ذكر عبد القدير في خطاب موجه للفريق محمد ضياء الحق أن مختبرات أبحاث خان قد نجحت بالفعل في تخصيب اليورانيوم وصناعة قنبلة نووية من اليورانيوم المخصب في عام 1984. Paquistão começou a se concentrar no desenvolvimento de armas nucleares em janeiro de 1972, sob a liderança do primeiro-ministro Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, que delegou o programa ao presidente da . Em 1976, Abdul Qadir Khan também se juntou ao programa de armas nucleares, e, com , chefiou o , enquanto o resto do programa que estava sendo executada pela PAEC e incluindo mais de 20 laboratórios e projetos foi chefiada pelo engenheiro nuclear, Munir Ahmad Khan. Este programa iria chegar aos frutos do governo do presidente general Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, o então chefe do Estado-Maior. Desenvolvimento de armas nucleares do Paquistão foi em resposta a vizinha, Índia e seu desenvolvimento de armas nucleares. Bhutto convocou uma reunião de altos cientistas e engenheiros acadêmicos em 20 de janeiro de 1972, em Multan, que veio a ser conhecido como "reunião Multan". Bhutto foi o principal arquiteto do programa e foi aqui que Bhutto orquestrou o programa de armas nucleares e reuniu cientistas acadêmicos do Paquistão para construir a bomba atômica para a sobrevivência nacional. Na reunião Multan, Bhutto também nomeou Munir Ahmad Khan como presidente da (PAEC), que, até então, havia trabalhado como diretor da energia nuclear e divisão de reator da Agência Internacional de Energia Atômica (AIEA), em Viena, Áustria. Em dezembro de 1972, Abdus Salam levou a criação do Grupo Teórico de Física (TPG), como ele chamou de cientistas que trabalham no ICTP que informam ao Munir Ahmad Khan. Isto marcou o início da busca da capacidade de dissuasão nuclear do Paquistão. Após o teste nuclear surpresa da Índia, de codinome Smiling Buddha em 1974, o primeiro teste nuclear confirmado por uma nação fora dos cinco membros permanentes do Conselho de Segurança das Nações Unidas, o objetivo de desenvolver armas nucleares recebeu um impulso considerável. Finalmente, em 28 de maio de 1998, poucas semanas depois do segundo teste nuclear da Índia, o Paquistão detonou cinco dispositivos nucleares em , no , Baluchistão. Esta operação foi nomeada pelo Paquistão, o túnel de ferro-aço subterrânea tendo sido construído pelo administrador da lei marcial o general durante a década de 80. O último teste do Paquistão foi realizado na areia do deserto de Kharan sob o codinome , também no Baluchistão, no dia 30 de maio de 1998. Produção de material físsil do Paquistão ocorre em , Kahuta e Khushab/Jauharabad, onde o plutônio para armas é feito pelos cientistas. Paquistão tornou-se assim o sétimo país do mundo a desenvolver e testar com sucesso armas nucleares. Há também relatos de que a tecnologia de armas nucleares e o urânio enriquecido para armas foi transferido para o Paquistão pela China. La République islamique du Pakistan est le 7e pays du monde à réussir à développer et tester des armes nucléaires. Ses capacités ne sont pas rendues publiques, conduisant à des estimations allant du simple au double. Ainsi, en 2013, une source indique que les forces armées pakistanaises posséderaient de 300 à 350 ogives nucléaires contre une cinquantaine en 2007 alors que le SIPRI estime en 2017 son arsenal de 250 à 300 ogives, largement supérieure à celui de l’Inde. Le Pakistan n'est pas signataire du traité sur la non-prolifération des armes nucléaires (TNP). Le Pakistan est également le seul pays musulman à posséder l'arme nucléaire. Во время конфликтов, которые привели к индо-пакистанской войне 1965 года, Зульфикар Али Бхутто (тогда министр иностранных дел) заявил: Если Индия создаст свою атомную бомбу, значит, и нам придётся сделать свою, даже если ради этого нам придётся сидеть на хлебе и воде или вовсе умирать от голода. Бомба есть у христиан, у иудеев, а теперь ещё и у индуистов. Почему бы и мусульманам не обзавестись своей? Эмбарго, введённые большинством экономических партнёров Пакистана, удалось пережить в том числе благодаря помощи от Саудовской Аравии. В рамках программы поддержки ядерных испытаний в Пакистан бесплатно поступало до 50 000 баррелей нефти в день. Pakistan adalah satu dari sembilan negara yang memiliki senjata nuklir. Pakistan memulai pengembangan senjata nuklir pada Januari 1972 di bawah Perdana Menteri Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, yang mendelegasikan program tersebut kepada Ketua Komisi Energi Atom Pakistan (PAEC) dengan komitmen untuk menyiapkan bom pada akhir 1976. Karena PAEC, yang terdiri atas lebih dari dua puluh laboratorium dan proyek di bawah insinyur nuklir , berjalan tidak sesuai jadwal dan mengalami kesulitan yang cukup besar dalam memproduksi bahan fisil, Abdul Qadeer Khan dibawa dari Eropa oleh Bhutto pada akhir 1974. Seperti yang ditunjukkan oleh Houston Wood, Profesor Teknik Mekanik & Dirgantara, Universitas Virginia, Charlottesville, dalam artikelnya tentang sentrifugal gas, "Langkah paling sulit dalam membangun senjata nuklir adalah produksi bahan fisil". Dengan demikian, pekerjaan memproduksi bahan fisil sebagai kepala sangat penting bagi Pakistan untuk mengembangkan kemampuan meledakkan bom nuklir pada akhir tahun 1984. Proyek Kahuta dimulai di bawah pengawasan dewan koordinasi yang mengawasi kegiatan dan PAEC. Dewan terdiri dari (sekretaris jenderal, keuangan), Ghulam Ishaq Khan (sekretaris jenderal, pertahanan), dan (sekretaris jenderal, urusan luar negeri), dan melaporkan langsung ke Bhutto. Ghulam Ishaq Khan dan Jenderal Tikka Khan menunjuk insinyur militer Mayor Jenderal untuk program tersebut. Akhirnya, pengawasan diserahkan kepada Letnan Jenderal di Pemerintahan Presiden Jenderal Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq. Pengayaan uranium moderat untuk produksi bahan fisil dicapai di KRL pada bulan April 1978. Pengembangan senjata nuklir Pakistan adalah sebagai tanggapan atas hilangnya Pakistan Timur pada Perang Pembebasan Bangladesh tahun 1971. Bhutto mengadakan pertemuan dengan para ilmuwan dan insinyur senior pada 20 Januari 1972, di Multan, yang kemudian dikenal sebagai "Pertemuan Multan". Bhutto adalah arsitek utama program ini, dan di sinilah Bhutto mengatur program senjata nuklir dan mengumpulkan para ilmuwan akademis Pakistan untuk membuat bom atom dalam tiga tahun untuk kelangsungan hidup nasional. Pada pertemuan Multan, Bhutto juga menunjuk Munir Ahmad Khan sebagai ketua PAEC, yang, sampai saat itu, telah bekerja sebagai direktur di tenaga nuklir dan Divisi Reaktor Badan Energi Atom Internasional (IAEA), di Wina, Austria. Pada Desember 1972, Abdus Salam memimpin pembentukan Theoretical Physics Group (TPG) ketika ia memanggil para ilmuwan yang bekerja di ICTP untuk melapor kepada Munir Ahmad Khan. Ini menandai awal dari pengejaran kemampuan deterensi nuklir oleh Pakistan. Setelah uji coba nuklir India yang mengejutkan, dengan nama sandi Smiling Buddha pada tahun 1974, uji coba nuklir pertama yang dikonfirmasi oleh suatu negara di luar lima anggota tetap Dewan Keamanan PBB, tujuan Pakistan untuk mengembangkan senjata nuklir mendapat dorongan yang cukup besar. Akhirnya, pada 28 Mei 1998, beberapa minggu setelah uji coba nuklir kedua India, Pakistan meledakkan lima perangkat nuklir di di distrik , Balochistan. Operasi ini dinamai Chagai-I oleh Pakistan, terowongan baja-besi bawah tanah yang telah lama dibangun oleh Rahimuddin Khan selama tahun 1980-an. Tes terakhir Pakistan dilakukan di di bawah nama sandi , juga di Balochistan, pada 30 Mei 1998. Produksi bahan fisil Pakistan terjadi di Nilore, Kahuta, dan , tempat plutonium berkualitas-senjata disempurnakan. Pakistan dengan demikian menjadi negara ketujuh di dunia yang berhasil mengembangkan dan menguji senjata nuklir. Meskipun, menurut surat yang dikirim oleh AQ Khan kepada Jenderal Zia, kemampuan untuk meledakkan bom nuklir menggunakan uranium yang sangat diperkaya sebagai bahan fisil yang diproduksi di KRL telah dicapai oleh KRL pada tahun 1984. Pakistan is one of nine states to possess nuclear weapons. Pakistan began development of nuclear weapons in January 1972 under Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, who delegated the program to the Chairman of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) Munir Ahmad Khan with a commitment to having the device ready by the end of 1976. Since PAEC, which consisted of over twenty laboratories and projects under reactor physicist Munir Ahmad Khan, was falling behind schedule and having considerable difficulty producing fissile material, Abdul Qadeer Khan, a metallurgist working on centrifuge enrichment for Urenco, joined the program at the behest of the Bhutto administration by the end of 1974. As pointed out by Houston Wood, "The most difficult step in building a nuclear weapon is the production of fissile material"; as such, this work in producing fissile material as head of the Kahuta Project was pivotal to Pakistan developing the capability to detonate a nuclear weapon by the end of 1984. The Kahuta Project started under the supervision of a coordination board that oversaw the activities of KRL and PAEC. The Board consisted of A G N Kazi (secretary general, finance), Ghulam Ishaq Khan (secretary general, defence), and Agha Shahi (secretary general, foreign affairs), and reported directly to Bhutto. Ghulam Ishaq Khan and General Tikka Khan appointed Major General Ali Nawab as the ranking engineer on the program. Moderate uranium enrichment for the production of fissile material was achieved at KRL by April 1978. Eventually, the supervision passed to Lt General Zahid Ali Akbar Khan in President General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq's Administration. Pakistan's nuclear weapons development was in response to the loss of East Pakistan in 1971's Bangladesh Liberation War. Bhutto called a meeting of senior scientists and engineers on 20 January 1972, in Multan, which came to be known as "Multan meeting". Bhutto was the main architect of this programme, and it was here that Bhutto orchestrated the nuclear weapons programme and rallied Pakistan's academic scientists to build an atomic bomb in three years for national survival. At the Multan meeting, Bhutto also appointed Munir Ahmad Khan as chairman of PAEC, who, until then, had been working as director at the nuclear power and Reactor Division of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), in Vienna, Austria. In December 1972, Abdus Salam led the establishment of Theoretical Physics Group (TPG) as he called scientists working at ICTP to report to Munir Ahmad Khan. This marked the beginning of Pakistan's pursuit of nuclear deterrence capability. Following India's surprise nuclear test, codenamed Smiling Buddha in 1974, the first confirmed nuclear test by a nation outside the permanent five members of the United Nations Security Council, the goal to develop nuclear weapons received considerable impetus. Finally, on 28 May 1998, a few weeks after India's second nuclear test (Operation Shakti), Pakistan detonated five nuclear devices in the Ras Koh Hills in the Chagai district, Balochistan. This operation was named Chagai-I by Pakistan, the underground iron-steel tunnel having been long-constructed by provincial martial law administrator General Rahimuddin Khan during the 1980s. The last test of Pakistan was conducted at the sandy Kharan Desert under the codename Chagai-II, also in Balochistan, on 30 May 1998. Pakistan's fissile material production takes place at Nilore, Kahuta, and Khushab Nuclear Complex, where weapons-grade plutonium is refined. Pakistan thus became the seventh country in the world to successfully develop and test nuclear weapons. Although, according to a letter sent by A.Q. Khan to General Zia, the capability to detonate a nuclear bomb using highly enriched uranium as fissile material produced at KRL had been achieved by KRL in 1984.
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1998-05-28
dbp:largestYield
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