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- مُنحت النساء في البرازيل حق التصويت في عام 1932. على الرغم من وجود حركة نسوية في البرازيل منذ منتصف القرن التاسع عشر، تقدمت النساء بالتماس لإدراج حق الاقتراع في الدستور الجمهوري لعام 1891، إلا أن الحملة نحو الانتخاب لم تبدأ بشكل جدي إلا تحت قيادة النسوية، عالمة الأحياء والمحامية، برثا لوتز. عقب نشر مقال في صحيفة «ريفيستا دا سيمانا» البرازيلية الرائدة، دعت المرأة إلى إثبات جدارتها للرجل من خلال إنجازاتها وتنظيمها من أجل المطالبة بحق التصويت، ظهرت منظمات نسائية مختلفة. أسست لوتز منظمتها الخاصة بالتعاون مع المنادية بمنح المرأة حق الاقتراع الأمريكية كاري تشابمان كات في عام 1922، والاتحاد البرازيلي للنهوض بالمرأة، الذي سيصبح المنظمة الرائدة للاقتراع في البرازيل، كان تابعاً للتحالف الدولي لحقوق المرأة. البرازيليات المطالبات بحق اقتراع المرأة كن مثقفات، لم تشكلن المهنيات سوى نسبة صغيرة من السكان الإناث في البرازيل، ومن ثم، فإن حملة الاقتراع كانت بأي حال من الأحوال حركة جماعية، وكانت بالتأكيد معتدلة في طبيعتها. أثارت الشخصية المحافظة لحركة الاقتراع مقاومة صغيرة من الحكومة، وأُعلن حق الاقتراع من قبل جيتوليو فارغاس في عام 1932، وتم تأكيده في وقت لاحق في دستور عام 1934. بعد مرور عامين على إعلان حق المرأة في التصويت في الدستور الخامس للبرازيل، تم انتخاب امرأتان لعضوية الكونغرس، وانتخبت عشر نساء لرئاسة البلديات وجمعيات النساء، وتم وضع ثلاثين امرأة في مجلس البرازيل. رغم أن الوظائف الحكومية كانت متاحة للنساء في الماضي، إلا أن النساء لم يشغلن مناصب انتخابية إلا بعد الفوز بالاقتراع واستمر عدد النساء في الحكومة بالازدياد طوال القرن العشرين. (ar)
- Women's societal roles in Brazil have been heavily impacted by the patriarchal traditions of Iberian culture, which holds women subordinate to men in familial and community relationships. The Iberian Peninsula, which is made up of Spain, Portugal and Andorra, has traditionally been the cultural and military frontier between Christianity and Islam, developing a strong tradition for military conquest and male dominance. Patriarchal traditions were readily transferred from the Iberian Peninsula to Latin America through the encomienda system that fostered economic dependence among women and indigenous peoples in Brazil. As the largest Roman Catholic nation in the world, religion has also had a significant impact on the perception of women in Brazil, though over the past century the Brazilian government has increasingly broken with the Catholic Church in regard to issues related to reproductive rights. Brazil is considered to possess the most organized and effective women's movement in Latin America, with visible gains having been made over the past century to promote and protect the legal and political rights of women. Despite the gains made in women's rights over the past century, women in Brazil still face significant gender inequality, which is most pronounced in the rural areas of Northeastern Brazil. In 2010, the United Nations ranked Brazil 73rd out of 169 nations based on the Gender Inequality Index, which measure women's disadvantages in the areas of reproductive rights, empowerment and labour force participation. Women's movements in Brazil have traditionally been led and supported by upper middle class women, and tend to be reformist rather than revolutionary in nature, though clear exceptions exist, most notably with regard to agrarian land reform movements. Though suffrage was granted to women in Brazil in the 1930s, it was not until the 1970s and onwards that a broader, more potent women's movement took hold in Brazil. In 1979, the year of its publishing, Brazil signed and ratified CEDAW, a convention by the United Nations that aims to eliminate all forms of discrimination against women. Women in Brazil enjoy the same legal rights and duties as men, which is clearly expressed in the 5th article of Brazil's 1988 Constitution. The World Economic Forum released a study indicating that Brazil had virtually eradicated gender differences in education and health treatment, but that women lagged behind in salaries and political influence. According to the Labor and Employment Ministry, women were paid 30 percent less than men. In 2005, UN Special Rapporteur Despouy noted a strikingly low level of women's representation in the judicial system, where women occupied "only 5 percent of the top posts in the judiciary and the Public Prosecutor's Office." Many women have been elected mayors and many women have been federal judges. The first female assumed office in the Senate in 1979. Women became candidates for president for the first time in 1989. As of 2009, 9% of the seats in the national parliament were held by women. (en)
- Os direitos da mulher no Brasil são parte dos direitos humanos no país voltados para as mulheres. Os movimentos de mulheres no Brasil têm sido tradicionalmente liderados e apoiados por mulheres de classe média alta e tendem a ter natureza reformista em vez de revolucionária, apesar de haver exceções, principalmente em relação aos movimentos de reforma agrária. Apesar do direito feminino ao voto no Brasil ter sido concedido somente em 24 de fevereiro de 1932, com o Decreto n.º 21.076, só foi a partir da década de 1970 em diante que uma visão mais ampla e mais potente de movimentos de mulheres ocorreu no Brasil. Em 1979, o Brasil assinou e ratificou Convenção sobre a eliminação de todas as formas de discriminação contra as mulheres, uma convenção das Nações Unidas que tem como objetivo eliminar todas as formas de discriminação contra as mulheres. As mulheres no Brasil desfrutam dos mesmos direitos e deveres legais que os homens, o que é claramente expresso no Capítulo I da Constituição brasileira: «Homens e mulheres são iguais em direitos e obrigações.» Inciso I do artigo 5º. O Fórum Econômico Mundial divulgou um estudo que indica que o Brasil tinha praticamente erradicado as diferenças de gênero na educação e tratamento de saúde, mas que as mulheres ficaram para trás em salários e influência política. De acordo com o SmartLab, iniciativa que é parceria entre Ministério Público do Trabalho e Organização Internacional do Trabalho , no Brasil as mulheres recebem 15% a menos que os homens . Em 2005, o Relator Especial da ONU [en] observou uma surpreendente baixa representação de mulheres no sistema judicial, ocupando "apenas 5% dos cargos no poder judiciário e no Ministério Público." Muitas mulheres foram eleitas prefeitas e muitas mulheres têm sido juízas federais. A primeira mulher a tomar posse no senado brasileiro foi Eunice Michiles em 1979. A primeira candidata a vice-presidente foi Iris de Araújo em 1994. Em 2009, 9% dos assentos no parlamento nacional eram ocupados por mulheres. (pt)
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- مُنحت النساء في البرازيل حق التصويت في عام 1932. على الرغم من وجود حركة نسوية في البرازيل منذ منتصف القرن التاسع عشر، تقدمت النساء بالتماس لإدراج حق الاقتراع في الدستور الجمهوري لعام 1891، إلا أن الحملة نحو الانتخاب لم تبدأ بشكل جدي إلا تحت قيادة النسوية، عالمة الأحياء والمحامية، برثا لوتز. عقب نشر مقال في صحيفة «ريفيستا دا سيمانا» البرازيلية الرائدة، دعت المرأة إلى إثبات جدارتها للرجل من خلال إنجازاتها وتنظيمها من أجل المطالبة بحق التصويت، ظهرت منظمات نسائية مختلفة. (ar)
- Women's societal roles in Brazil have been heavily impacted by the patriarchal traditions of Iberian culture, which holds women subordinate to men in familial and community relationships. The Iberian Peninsula, which is made up of Spain, Portugal and Andorra, has traditionally been the cultural and military frontier between Christianity and Islam, developing a strong tradition for military conquest and male dominance. Patriarchal traditions were readily transferred from the Iberian Peninsula to Latin America through the encomienda system that fostered economic dependence among women and indigenous peoples in Brazil. As the largest Roman Catholic nation in the world, religion has also had a significant impact on the perception of women in Brazil, though over the past century the Brazilian g (en)
- Os direitos da mulher no Brasil são parte dos direitos humanos no país voltados para as mulheres. Os movimentos de mulheres no Brasil têm sido tradicionalmente liderados e apoiados por mulheres de classe média alta e tendem a ter natureza reformista em vez de revolucionária, apesar de haver exceções, principalmente em relação aos movimentos de reforma agrária. Apesar do direito feminino ao voto no Brasil ter sido concedido somente em 24 de fevereiro de 1932, com o Decreto n.º 21.076, só foi a partir da década de 1970 em diante que uma visão mais ampla e mais potente de movimentos de mulheres ocorreu no Brasil. Em 1979, o Brasil assinou e ratificou Convenção sobre a eliminação de todas as formas de discriminação contra as mulheres, uma convenção das Nações Unidas que tem como objetivo elimi (pt)
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